Table 4.
Salt intake by type of outcome reported and by country
| Type of intake data | Countries with data | Description of intake |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute intake* | FSM | Powles, 2013 (modelling): overall 6·5 g/d; males 6·8 g/d; females 6·2 g/d |
| Fiji | National Nutrition Survey, 2017 (24H-FR; adults): 8·9 g/d Pillay, 2017 (24H-UNa; adults aged 25–64 years): baseline 11·7 (se 0·7) g/d; follow-up 10·3 (se 0·5) g/d Powles, 2013 (modelling): overall 7·3 g/d; males 7·7 g/d; females 7·0 g/d | |
| Guam | Leon-Guerrero, 2015 (FFQ; adults aged 18–61 years): 10·1 (sd 6·6) g/d | |
| Kiribati | Powles, 2013 (modelling): overall 5·6 g/d; males 5·9 g/d; females 5·4 g/d | |
| PNG | Powles, 2013 (modelling): overall 6·2 g/d; males 6·6 g/d; females 5·9 g/d Temple, 2009 (salt weighing; mean per capita salt consumption): 5·6 (sd 1·5) g/d | |
| RMI | Powles, 2013 (modelling): overall 6·5 g/d; males 6·8 g/d; females 6·2 g/d | |
| Samoa | Trieu, 2017 (24H-UNa; adults aged 18–64 years): baseline 7·3 (se 0·3) g/d; follow-up 7·5 (se 0·2) g/d Webster, 2016 (24H-UNa; adults aged 18–64 years): overall 7·1 (se 0·2) g/d; males 7·6 (se 0·3) g/d; females 6·4 (se 0·1) g/d Land, 2016 (24H-UNa; women aged 18–45 years): 6·6 (sd 3·2) g/d Powles, 2013 (modelling): overall 5·3 g/d; males 5·5 g/d; females 5·0 g/d | |
| Solomon Islands | Powles, 2013 (modelling): overall 5·9 g/d; males 6·2 g/d; females 5·6 g/d | |
| Tonga | Powles, 2013 (modelling): overall 6·9 g/d; males 7·3 g/d; females 6·6 g/d | |
| Vanuatu | Ministry of Health, 2017 (spot urine; adults aged 18–64 years): overall 7·2 (sd 2·3) g/d; males 7·8 (sd 2·6) g/d; females 6·5 (sd 1·7) g/d Martyn, 2015 (modelling): overall 5·3 g/d; rural 4·9 g/d; urban 6·6 g/d Powles, 2013 (modelling): overall 5·7 g/d; males 5·9 g/d; females 5·4 g/d | |
| Household expenditure | Cook Islands | 2007: 0·1 % |
| Vanuatu | 2012: 1·8 % | |
| Main sources | Fiji | National Nutrition Survey, 2017 (24H-FR; adults): wheat flour products (roti, breakfast crackers, bread, homemade flour products) 27·6 %, fish and seafood 16·8 %, animal-source foods 16·2 %, salt 13·7 %, savoury snacks 8·2 % |
| Samoa | Martyn, 2017 (modelling): table salt 39·0 %, instant noodles 9·0 %, canned mackerel 9·0 % | |
| Vanuatu | Martyn, 2015 (modelling): bread contributed 15·4 % of Na available, water taro 7·5 %, cabin biscuits 7·4 %, tinned tuna 7·0 % | |
| Availability | Samoa | Martyn, 2017 (modelling): overall 7·4 g/d; Apia 7·8 g/d; Northwest Upolu 7·3 g/d; Rest of Upolu 7·6 g/d; Savaii 7·0 g/d |
| Behaviours | CNMI | Dela Cruz, 2016 (questionnaire; adults aged ≥18 years): two-thirds consume at least one serving of processed meats daily |
| FSM | Hanson, 2011 (FFQ; adults): frequency of consumption of imported salty foods 0·7 d/week; percentage consuming salty foods (often to daily) 8·0 % | |
| Samoa | Webster, 2016 (questionnaire; adults aged 18–64 years): avoid processed food 58·7 %, look at Na labels on food 42·6 %, do not add salt on the table 43·8 %, buy low-salt alternatives 54·9 %, do not add salt when cooking 49·0 %, use spices other than salt 43·9 %, avoid eating out 60·9 % | |
| Vanuatu | Ministry of Health, 2017 (questionnaire; adults aged18–64 years): avoid processed food 76·6 %, look at Na labels on food 32·1 %, do not add salt on the table 60·7 %, buy low-salt alternatives 69·4 %, do not add salt when cooking 74·2 %, use spices other than salt 61·1 %, avoid eating out 16·2 % |
FSM, Federated States of Micronesia; PNG, Papua New Guinea; RMI, Republic of the Marshall Islands; CNMI, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; 24H-FR, 24 h food recall; 24H-UNa, 24 h urine collection.
*
Values were converted to salt in g/d (393·4 mg sodium=1 g salt).