Table 1.
Sample Characteristics, Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood Study, Shelby County, Tennessee, 2006–2011
| Characteristica | No WIC in Pregnancy | WIC in Pregnancy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 548) | (n = 711) | |||
| Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | |
| Mother’s age, years | 28.9 (4.9) | 24.5 (5.1) | ||
| Mother married | 86.1 | 38.5 | ||
| Annual household income, $ | ||||
| <10,000 | 5.6 | 30.6 | ||
| 10,000–24,999 | 7.3 | 33.1 | ||
| 25,000–44,999 | 16.3 | 21.6 | ||
| 45,000–74,999 | 33.7 | 12.7 | ||
| ≥75,000 | 37.1 | 2.0 | ||
| Female child | 50.9 | 50.1 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Black | 33.4 | 86.8 | ||
| White/otherb | 66.6 | 13.2 | ||
| Mother’s education | ||||
| Less than high school | 4.2 | 14.2 | ||
| High school | 25.5 | 63.3 | ||
| More than high school | 70.3 | 22.5 | ||
| No. of people in household | 4.1 (1.2) | 4.7 (1.6) | ||
| Delivered before October 2009 | 36.1 | 41.6 | ||
| Child received WIC at 1 month postpartum | 21.2 | 87.2 | ||
| Outcome variables during pregnancy | ||||
| Healthy Eating Index | ||||
| Total score | 64.6 (10.3) | 57.7 (10.9) | ||
| Component 1: total vegetables | 4.0 (1.0) | 3.5 (1.2) | ||
| Component 2: dark green vegetables and legumes | 3.9 (1.4) | 3.3 (1.6) | ||
| Component 3: total fruit | 4.2 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.3) | ||
| Component 4: whole fruit | 4.2 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.5) | ||
| Component 5: whole grains | 4.8 (2.6) | 3.9 (2.4) | ||
| Component 6: milk | 6.4 (2.5) | 5.7 (2.3) | ||
| Component 7: meat and beans | 4.5 (0.7) | 4.5 (0.8) | ||
| Component 8: seafood and plant protein | 3.6 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.5) | ||
| Component 9: fatty acid ratio | 5.4 (2.4) | 4.8 (2.2) | ||
| Component 10: sodium | 3.7 (2.2) | 3.8 (2.4) | ||
| Component 11: refined grains | 7.7 (2.1) | 7.7 (2.1) | ||
| Component 12: solid fat, excess alcohol, added sugars | 12.2 (3.8) | 9.8 (3.7) | ||
| Nutrient densityc | ||||
| Protein | 38.6 (6.4) | 36.5 (5.9) | ||
| Fat | 40.0 (5.8) | 41.0 (5.4) | ||
| Carbohydrates | 127.8 (16.3) | 125.6 (16.2) | ||
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
an = 1,454 (data on WIC receipt was missing for 195 participants). Sample characteristics were calculated using unimputed data.
b Only 1.9% of sample were Hispanic or other race/ethnicity. These were included in the “white” category to avoid unstable estimates due to small cell sizes.
c Nutrient density outcomes represent grams of each nutrient × 1,000 divided by the total kcal of dietary intake per day.