Fig. 1.

Effect of Ciwujia extracts and compounds on cytokine productions from phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs were incubated with different samples in RPMI-1640 medium plus 10% v/v FBS, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin for 24 h. Culture medium was collected for measurement of cytokine levels using commercial ELISA kits. a IL-2; b IFN-γ; c TNF-α. Data are mean + SEM (n = 5). **p < 0.01 when compared with Aq 0 using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Dunnett’s multiple comparison test