Table 3.

Salient themes in analysis of resident physicians’ perspectives on Autonomy

Theme	Components
Defining Resident Physician Autonomy
Driving Patient Care	• RP involved in decision making • RP involved in hands-on patient care • RP allowed to complete simple tasks independently
Taking the Wheel	• RP able to lead communication with family • RP able to handle day-to-day care responsibilities
Learner’s Permit	• Graduated level of responsibility • RP’s awareness of own limitations and knowing when to ask for help • AP providing safety net
Factors Promoting Resident Physician Autonomy
Handing Over the Wheel	• Communication • Active promotion of RP decision making • Patient ownership • Team dynamics and hierarchy
Two Way Street	• Challenge RP to think independently • Remain open to RP input
Roadside Assistance	• Graduated independence • Allowing RP space to work • Providing opportunities for independent activity
Factors Undermining Resident Physician Autonomy
Failing to Yield	• AP has predetermined course of action • Changing care plan without alerting or involving RP
Backseat Driving	• Micromanagement • Not leaving work area • Imposing personal treatment style