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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Adolesc Health. 2017 Dec 13;62(3):327–333. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.019

Table 4.

Parameter estimates for direct effects of race/ethnicity on wave 8 outcomes, controlling for cigarette use trajectories

Race/Ethnicity Academic Performance Academic Unpreparedness Delinquency Mental health Physical Ailments Physical health Social Functioning
White (ref) - - - - - - -
Asian −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) 0.09 (0.03, 0.14)** 0.07 (0.02, 0.12)** −0.08 (−0.13, −0.03)** 0.02 (−0.03, 0.08) −0.07 (−0.12, −0.02)** −0.06 (−0.11, −0.01)*
Black −0.07 (−0.13, 0.00)* 0.07 (0.01, 0.12)* 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) 0.01 (−0.04, 0.07) −0.00 (−0.06, 0.05) −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01)
Hispanic −0.10 (−0.17, −0.03)** 0.04 (−0.02, 0.11) 0.04 (−0.02, 0.10) −0.02 (−0.08, 0.05) 0.06 (0.00, 0.12)# −0.09 (−0.15, −0.03)** −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03)
Multi-ethnic −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01)* 0.07 (0.02, 0.11)** 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) −0.06 (−0.10, −0.02)** 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)* −0.07 (−0.11, −0.02)** −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02)
Other −0.04 (−0.10, 0.01) 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) −0.02 −0.06, 0.02) 0.01 (−0.04, 0.07) 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01)

Note. This table shows standardized parameter estimates and 95% CI (lower, upper) with significance at 0.05 denoted (*), 0.01 denoted at (**) and marginal significance denoted at (#). Models assessed the direct effect of race/ethnicity to each outcome (White specified as reference group), controlling for both slope and intercept of cigarette use trajectories from waves 1–8, as well as age, mother’s education, and intervention group at wave 1.