Table 2.

Alternative “Formative ” Specifications Found in the Literature

		Conceptual Unity
		Yes		No
Indicator Weights	Estimated	$\mathrm{\eta }={\gamma }_1{x}_1+{\gamma }_2{x}_2+\dots +{\gamma }_{\text{n}}{x}_{\text{n}}+\zeta$	(A)	$\text{C}=w_1{x}_1+w_2{x}_2+\dots +w_{\text{n}}{x}_{\text{n}}$	(D)
		$\mathrm{\eta }={\gamma }_1{x}_1+{\gamma }_2{x}_2+\dots +{\gamma }_{\text{n}}{x}_{\text{n}}$	(B)
	Pre specified	$\mathrm{\eta }={\gamma }_1^{*}{x}_1+{\gamma }_2^{*}{x}_2+\dots +{\gamma }_{\text{n}}^{*}{x}_{\text{n}}$	(C)	$\text{C}=w_1^{*}{x}_1+w_2^{*}{x}_2+\dots +w_{\text{n}}^{*}{x}_{\text{n}}$	(E)