Complete but transient structural restoration of PF-Purkinje cell synapses in cbln1-null mice by subarachnoidal injection of Cbln1. A, Electron micrographs of the molecular layer in cbln1-null mice aged P42–P54 at 2 d after the injection of either control or HA-Cbln1 and at 35 d after the injection of HA-Cbln1. In control mice, free spines (f) and mismatched spines (m) were found frequently. Two days after the injection of HA-Cbln1, the number of normal spines (n) had increased, and PF terminals that were in contact with multiple spines (*) were observed frequently. Thirty-five days after the injection, the number of normal spines had decreased to the original level. B, Percentage of normal and free spines in cbln1-null mice at 1, 2, 4, 7, 12, and 35 d after the injection of HA-Cbln1 (n = 3 mice). The effect of Cbln1 was compared with that in age-matched cbln1-null mice that did not receive treatment (no treat.). *p < 0.05; #
p < 0.001; ##
p < 0.0001. C, Percentage of mismatched spines estimated using serial section electron microscopy in cbln1-null mice without treatment (n = 3 mice) and 2 d after the injection of either the control or Cbln1 medium (n = 1 mouse). The number of mismatched spines decreased with the injection of HA-Cbln1.