Table 1.
Study subjects
| Men (n = 84) |
Women (n = 225) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptors/variables | Hypertension |
P-value | Hypertension |
P-value | ||
| No (n = 50) | Yes (n = 34) | No (n = 114) | Yes (n = 111) | |||
| Age (years) | 47.2 ± 5.3 | 48.1 ± 4.8 | 0.537 | 47.1 ± 4.8 | 47.1 ± 4.4 | 0.994 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 2.7 | 24.5 ± 3.4 | 0.007 | 24.4 ± 3.5 | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 0.054 |
| Smoking (%) | 74.0 | 82.4 | 0.369 | 33.3 | 20.7 | 0.033 |
| Hypertension (%) | − | 40.5 | − | − | 49.3 | − |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | − | 91.2 | − | − | 90.4 | − |
| SBP (mmHg) | 117 ± 11 | 135 ± 18 | <0.001 | 118 ± 10 | 130 ± 15 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76 ± 9 | 84 ± 11 | 0.002 | 77 ± 9 | 83 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 90 ± 9 | 101 ± 12 | <0.001 | 91 ± 8 | 98 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)a | 100 ± 11 | 90 ± 18.5 | 0.014 | 98 ± 16 | 94 ± 17 | 0.041 |
| Low eGFRb | 0 | 5.9 | 0.083 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 0.703 |
| Albuminuria (%)c | 8.0 | 11.8 | 0.564 | 7.8 | 11.7 | 0.335 |
| Low eGFR with albuminuria (%) | 0 | 25 | − | 11.1 | 7.7 | − |
| Kidney disease Stage 2d | 16 | 38 | − | 28.1 | 36.0 | − |
| Blood Cd (µg/L) | 4.52 ± 3.68 | 3.69 ± 3.21 | 0.185 | 4.05 ± 3.91 | 3.08 ± 2.56 | 0.073 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.88 ± 0.13 | 1.01 ± 0.29 | 0.018 | 0.72 ± 0.16 | 0.76 ± 0.17 | 0.028 |
| Urine creatinine (mg/dL) | 138 ± 72 | 134 ± 81 | 0.659 | 106 ± 71 | 136 ± 85 | 0.013 |
| Urinary excretion rate normalized to creatinine clearanced | ||||||
| E20-HETE/Ccr (pg/mL) | 10.3 ± 11.1 | 11.0 ± 10.9 | 0.688 | 6.1 ± 8.0 | 12.8 ± 34.0 | 0.052 |
| ECd/Ccr × 100 (μg/L) | 3.66 ± 3.27 | 4.59 ± 4.04 | 0.489 | 4.35 ± 4.16 | 4.17 ± 3.62 | 0.280 |
| ENAG/Ccr (U/L) | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.11 ± 0.08 | 0.212 | 0.11 ± 0.16 | 0.11 ± 0.12 | 0.523 |
| Eβ2MG/Ccr (µg/L) | 2.76 ± 14.6 | 15.4 ± 68.7 | 0.455 | 5.80 ± 45.7 | 1.95 ± 6.16 | 0.171 |
| EALB/Ccr (mg/dL) | 0.14 ± 0.43 | 0.38 ± 1.08 | <0.001 | 0.07 ± 0.15 | 0.12 ± 0.26 | 0.049 |
Numbers are arithmetic mean ± SD. Mean arterial pressure = diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure)/3, where pulse pressure = systolic − diastolic.
eGFR is determined with the CKD-EPI equations [28].
Low eGFR is defined as eGFR ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Albuminuria is defined as albumin to creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Kidney disease Stage 2 is defined as eGFR ranging between 60 and 89 mL/min/1.73 m2.
The urinary excretion rates of Cd, 20-HETE and albumin that are normalized to creatinine clearance, using the equation: Ex/Ccr = [x]u [cr]p/[cr]u, where Ex/Ccr = excretion of x per volume of filtrate; [x]u = urine concentration of x (mass/volume); [cr]p = plasma creatinine concentration (mg/dL); [cr]u = urine creatinine concentration (mg/dL) [29].