Table 1.
Selected characteristics of 3,589 study participants by nafld status
| Total, N | Yes NAFLD | No NAFLD | P value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,589 | n | % | n | % | ||
| Variables | 476 | 13.3 | 3,113 | 86.7 | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 278 | 58.4 | 774 | 24.9 | <0.001 | |
| Female | 198 | 41.6 | 2,339 | 75.1 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <50 | 167 | 35.1 | 1,314 | 42.2 | <0.05 | |
| 50‐65 | 206 | 43.3 | 1,156 | 37.1 | ||
| >65 | 103 | 21.6 | 643 | 20.7 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single, divorced,† or widowed | 50 | 10.5 | 389 | 12.5 | 0.26 | |
| Married or remarried | 426 | 89.5 | 2,724 | 87.5 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Middle school and less | 239 | 50.2 | 1,421 | 45.6 | 0.12 | |
| High school | 106 | 22.3 | 714 | 22.9 | ||
| College and above | 131 | 27.5 | 978 | 31.4 | ||
| Smoking (cigarettes) | ||||||
| Never smokers | 295 | 62.0 | 2,657 | 85.4 | <0.001 | |
| Former smokers | 54 | 11.3 | 166 | 5.3 | ||
| Current smokers | 127 | 26.7 | 290 | 9.3 | ||
| Annual income (US $)‡ | ||||||
| <3,030 | 75 | 15.8 | 493 | 15.8 | <0.05 | |
| 3,030‐12,121 | 313 | 65.8 | 2,193 | 70.4 | ||
| >12,121 | 88 | 18.5 | 427 | 13.7 | ||
| Anthropometry measured at baseline | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Height (cm) | 164.8 | 8.9 | 160.2 | 7.4 | <0.001 | |
| Weight (kg) | 77.6 | 10.8 | 56.6 | 7.8 | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.5 | 3.2 | 22.0 | 2.4 | <0.001 | |
| WC (cm) | 98.3 | 7.6 | 78.0 | 7.4 | <0.001 | |
| HC (cm) | 100.9 | 6.9 | 90.2 | 5.1 | <0.001 | |
| WHR | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | <0.001 | |
| AFR | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.0 | <0.001 | |
| ALM (kg) | 21.3 | 4.3 | 16.4 | 3.3 | <0.001 | |
| SMI (%) | 27.4 | 3.7 | 28.9 | 3.8 | <0.001 | |
| FLI | ||||||
| FLI >60 | 75.1 | 10.2 | 11.8 | 8.0 | <0.001 | |
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 0 | 0.0 | 210 | 6.7 | <0.001 | |
| Normal (18.5‐22.9) | 9 | 1.9 | 1,873 | 60.2 | ||
| Overweight (23‐24.9) | 38 | 8.0 | 701 | 22.5 | ||
| Pre‐obese (25‐29.9) | 303 | 63.7 | 325 | 10.4 | ||
| Obese (≥30) | 126 | 26.5 | 4 | 0.1 | ||
| Overall obesity | ||||||
| BMI ≥25 | 429 | 90.1 | 329 | 10.6 | <0.001 | |
| WHR | ||||||
| Low ≤0.95 (men), ≤0.80 (women) | 39 | 8.2 | 1,070 | 34.4 | <0.001 | |
| Moderate 0.96‐0.99 (men), 0.91‐0.85 (women) | 124 | 26.1 | 1,003 | 32.2 | ||
| High ≥1.0 (men), ≥0.86 (women) | 313 | 65.8 | 1,040 | 33.4 | ||
| Abdominal obesity | ||||||
| WHR >0.9 (men), >0.85 (women) | 463 | 97.3 | 1,576 | 50.6 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension12 | ||||||
| SBP >130 mm Hg or DBP >85 mm Hg | 74 | 15.5 | 157 | 5.0 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c | ||||||
| Normal (<5.7%) | 257 | 54.0 | 2,459 | 79.0 | <0.001 | |
| Prediabetes (5.7%‐6.4%) | 123 | 25.8 | 495 | 15.9 | ||
| Diabetes (≥6.5%) | 96 | 20.2 | 159 | 5.1 | ||
| MetS12 | ||||||
| MetS§ | 266 | 55.9 | 86 | 2.8 | <0.001 | |
| WC ≥90 cm (men), ≥80 cm (women) | 451 | 94.7 | 909 | 29.2 | ||
| TG >1.7 mmol/L | 366 | 76.9 | 378 | 12.1 | ||
| HDL cholesterol <1.0 mmol/L (men), <1.3 mmol/L (women) | 179 | 37.6 | 371 | 11.9 | ||
| SBP >130 mm Hg and/or DBP >85 mm Hg | 74 | 15.5 | 157 | 5.0 | ||
| FPG >5.6 mmol/L | 223 | 46.8 | 505 | 16.2 | ||
| AFR | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (0, 0.093) | 16 | 3.4 | 1,031 | 33.1 | <0.001 | |
| Tertile 2 (0.093, 0.1) | 82 | 17.2 | 1,020 | 32.8 | ||
| Tertile 3 (0.1, 1.0) | 378 | 79.4 | 1,062 | 34.1 | ||
| SMI | ||||||
| Low (men ≤29; women ≤25) | 231 | 48.5 | 449 | 14.4 | <0.001 | |
| High (men >29; women >25) | 245 | 51.5 | 2,664 | 85.6 | ||
*
P values by Student t test (for continuous variables) or chi‐square test (for categorical variables); comparing cases and controls.
†
ndivorced = 25 subjects.
‡
Chinese renminbi (RMB) was converted into US $ based on the average exchange rate in December 2017 (US $1 = RMB 6.6).
§
MetS defined by having WC ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women and at least two of the following four factors listed under MetS.
Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.