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. 2019 Jul 25;10:912. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00912

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Copyright © 2019 Chanoca, de Vries and Boerjan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Lignin biosynthetic pathway. Alternative monomers and heterologously expressed enzymes are shown in bold. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase; HCT, p-Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate/shikimate-p-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase; C3’H, p-coumaroyl quinate/shikimate 3’-hydroxylase; CSE, caffeoyl shikimate esterase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase/CAld5H, coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase; COMT, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; FMT, feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase; PMT, p-coumaroyl-CoA monolignol transferase.