Hypothetical pathways for the formation of PPCS. Neither d5-PPCS nor d3-PPCS were formed in dried blood spots from potential precursors, including N-d5-palmitoylserine (6), N-d5-palmitoylphosphatidylserine (N-d5-palmitoyl 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine) (7), N-d5-palmitoyl-phytosphingosine phosphocholine (8), N-d5-palmitoyl-phosphoserine (9), O-phosphocholine-d3-l-serine (10), and d5-palmitic acid (11).