Figure 5.

Stimulation of P2Y-Rs increases O₂ consumption, ATP production, and increases ΔΨ. a, Plots of O₂ levels in suspended astrocytes as labeled. b, Histogram shows the average change in O₂ consumption with 2 μm ATP compared with untreated cells (Cntrl). Bars on the right show O₂ consumption of astrocytes are preloaded with 0.01 μm oligomycin (30 min). c, Direct measurement of intracellular ATP levels relative to untreated cells (control), P2Y-R stimulated (MeADP), then the same measurements in the presence of oligomycin (oligo) or Ru₃₆₀. d, Astrocyte mitochondria (TMRE loaded) at 0 min (top panels) and 10 min after treatments as labeled (bottom panels). e, Histogram plot showing average mitochondrial membrane potentials before and after treatment. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.