Behavior effects on tuning curves are small, relative to tuning shifts induced by stimulus context. Tuning to IPD during passive listening is influenced by the preceding stimulus, in this case a positive (origin, thin gray line) or negative (target, thin black line) 90° phase shift (Malone et al., 2002). The computed phase shift between these functions is 45°. Thick black and gray lines indicate steady-state responses under behaving and passive conditions, respectively. The thick dashed gray line indicates spike rate in response to a binaural beat [500 ms cycle, divided into 62.5 ms bins centered at the same 8 IPD values used by Malone et al. (2002)].