Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics of 33 adolescents with and 34 adolescents without prenatal exposure to active maternal smoking
| Characteristic | Smokers, prenatally exposed (N = 25) | Smokers, no prenatal exposure (N = 14) | Nonsmokers, prenatally exposed (N = 8) | Nonsmokers, no prenatal exposure (N = 20) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 16.3 ± 1.1 | 17.0 ± 0.7 | 16.2 ± 1.4 | 16.3 ± 1.2 |
| Gender (M/F) | 7/18 | 7/7 | 4/4 | 8/12 |
| Education (years) | 9.2 ± 1.4 | 9.9 ± 1.1 | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 9.6 ± 1.2 |
| Parent education (years) | 15.5 ± 5.3 | 14.1 ± 2.8 | 13.1 ± 1.9 | 15.0 ± 2.2 |
| Cigarettes smoked/day | 11.6 ± 6.5 | 9.8 ± 6.9 | ||
| Age at onset of smoking | 12.5 ± 2.2 | 13.1 ± 1.8 | ||
| Years of daily smoking | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | ||
| Estimated plasma nicotine (7:30 P.M.) | 13.1 ± 8.7 | 12.5 ± 7.3 | ||
| FTND a score b | 4.6 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | ||
| Weeks prenatal exposure to tobacco | 32.4 ± 11.7 | 0.0 | 22.3 ± 16.1 | 0.0 |
| Weeks prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke c | 21.5 ± 20.2 | 19.8 ± 20.6 | 30.1 ± 18.6 | 12.4 ± 18.2 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.22 ± 0.40 | 3.35 ± 0.48 | 3.28 ± 0.42 | 3.35 ± 0.52 |
| KBIT d composite score | 97.4 ± 8.9 | 99.5 ± 9.8 | 98.5 ± 13.2 | 104.5 ± 13.0 |
| WJR Word Attack SS e | 108.7 ± 16.3 | 108.4 ± 14.7 | 106.2 ± 16.0 | 107.3 ± 18.0 |
| Beck Depression Score f g | 6.5 ± 6.8 | 7.2 ± 6.9 | 2.9 ± 3.8 | 2.3 ± 3.2 |
| Conners h Score | 20.7 ± 13.2 | 17.8 ± 7.6 | 16.4 ± 11.5 | 15.0 ± 7.6 |
| Rate of alcohol consumption (drinks/week) i | 1.7 ± 2.4 | 3.1 ± 3.7 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.8 |
| Lifetime episodes of cannabis use j | 194.0 ± 286.8 | 339.9 ± 442.5 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 47.5 ± 134.5 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, unless otherwise specified.
aFagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (Heatherton et al., 1991).
bPrentally exposed > no prenatal exposure: β = 1.5, t = 2.5, p < 0.05.
cPrentally exposed > no prenatal exposure: β = 17.7, t = 2.2, p < 0.05.
dKaufman Brief Intelligence Test (Bowers and Pantle, 1998).
eWoodcock–Johnson Revised Test of Achievement Word Attack subtest standard scores.
gSmokers > nonsmokers: β = 4.9, t = 2.5, p < 0.05.
hConners Adolescent Self Report Scale (Conners, 1998).
iSmokers > nonsmokers: β = 2.7, t = 3.4, p < 0.01.
jSmokers > nonsmokers: β = 337.4, t = 3.3, p < 0.01.
Voxel threshold: α = 0.01, FDR corrected; cluster threshold: 10 contiguous significant voxels. R, Right; L, left. x, y, and z are Talairach coordinates of the peak difference in FA.