Serotonergic innervation of the RTN. A, Anatomical definition of RTN. Neuronal nuclei are immunoreactive for Phox2b. A portion of the Phox2b-ir chemoreceptors are located within the marginal layer of the ventral medulla (ML), and the rest are in a more dorsal location (the dorsal cap of RTN). A small fraction of the Phox2b-ir cells of the dorsal cap are not chemoreceptors but are adrenergic neurons (Stornetta et al., 2006). B, 5-HT-immunoreactive terminals within the RTN region ventromedial to facial nucleus (7), including the ML. The serotonin-poor region dorsal to the ML corresponds to the spinocerebellar tract. C, Many of the TrpH-ir terminals (Alexa 488, green) located within the marginal layer of RTN contain substance P (SP; Cy3, red) and appear yellow on the figure. Single-labeled terminals containing only TrpH (arrows) or SP immunoreactivity (arrowheads; different plane of focus) can be seen at the dorsal and ventral edges of the ML, respectively. D, Only a few SP-ir terminals (Alexa 488, green) located within the marginal layer of RTN contain PNMT (Cy3, red) and appear yellow (arrows). E, Example of one RTN neuron, identified by the presence of a Phox2b-ir nucleus and its location close to the ventral medullary surface (VMS), that contains NK1R immunoreactivity. F, Two neurons of the pre-Bötzinger complex (PreBötC) containing high levels of NK1R immunoreactivity but no Phox2b. Scale bar: (in F) A, 100 μm; B, 134 μm; C, D, 21.4 μm; E, F, 10 μm.