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. 2007 Feb 21;27(8):1981–1991. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4321-06.2007

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Effects of lithium treatment on water maze performance and neuropathology of hAPP tg mice. A, During the hidden platform portion of the water maze test, saline-treated hAPP tg mice showed performance deficits compared with the nontg saline-treated mice that were ameliorated by the treatment with lithium. B, Laser scanning confocal microscopic image of MAP2 immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of a nontg mouse. C, Decreased MAP2 immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of a saline-treated hAPP tg mouse. D, Restored MAP2 immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of a lithium-treated hAPP tg mouse. E, Laser scanning confocal low-power microscopic image of the frontal cortex of a nontg mouse immunostained with an antibody against Aβ (6E10). F, Increased amyloid deposition and plaques (arrows) in the frontal cortex of a saline-treated hAPP tg mouse. Higher-power inset shows the morphology of an individual Aβ-immunoreactive plaque. G, Reduced Aβ immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of a lithium-treated hAPP tg mouse immunostained with an antibody against Aβ. PS, Pial surface; C, cortex; CP, caudoputamen. H, Laser scanning confocal microscopic image of tau-p immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of a nontg mouse. I, Increased tau-p immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of a saline-treated hAPP tg mouse. J, Reduced tau-p immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of a lithium-treated hAPP tg mouse. K, Image analysis of the percentage area covered by MAP2 immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of nontg and hAPP tg mice treated with either saline or lithium. *p < 0.05 compared with nontg controls by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's test; n = 6 mice per group. L, Image analysis of the percentage area covered by Aβ-immunoreactive plaques in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of nontg and hAPP tg mice treated with either saline or lithium. M, Image analysis of the levels of tau-p immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of nontg and hAPP tg mice treated with either saline or lithium. *p < 0.05 compared with saline-treated hAPP tg mice by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey–Kramer test; n = 6 mice per group. Scale bars: B–D, H–J, 20 μm; E–G, 100 μm.