An anatomical summary of the results, overlaid on the lateral (top row) and ventral (bottom row) surfaces of the left cerebral hemisphere, showing the convergence of spoken and written language in the left STS (pink shading) and in posterior (the TOP junction) and anterior (lateral TP and anterior FG) cortex (red shading). The auditory streams of processing are shown in blue, and the visual streams are in yellow. In the nonhuman primate, the heteromodal cortex of the left STS is strongly interconnected along its length (Padberg et al., 2003), and we have assumed that the same is true for the human STS. A direct connection between the anterior STS and inferotemporal cortex is suggested by anatomical connectivity data from nonhuman primates (Saleem et al., 2000). The left TOP junction may receive direct projections from occipital cortex (dashed yellow line) or indirectly, via the STS.