Head movements and whisker–object interactions during approach, discrimination, and withdrawal. A, Average distance of the nose from the target nose poke during localization trials of three rats with a single pair of whiskers intact. Time 0 is the moment a rat contacted the nose poke. B, The proportion of trials in which any whisker contacted an object, computed for each moment throughout trials. In A and B, thin lines indicate session averages, and thick lines indicate the averages (and SEMs) of all trials across all tracked sessions. C, Probability of whiskers contacting the posterior (pedestal) pole when a single arc of whiskers was intact (ARC and ALL–ARC). D, Probability of contacting the pedestal when a single row of whiskers was intact (ROW). E, Probability of contacting the pedestal when only a single whisker was intact on either cheek (ALL–ARC–C2, ALL–C2, ARC–C2, ROW–C2, and C2).