Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Sci Nano. 2019 May 24;6(7):2152–2170. doi: 10.1039/C9EN00183B

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Long-term exposure to single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), ultrafine carbon black (UFCB) or crocidolite asbestos (ASB) induces irreversible neoplastic-like transformation and DNA double-strand break. Human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) were continuously exposed to the tested particles for 6 months in culture. They were then examined for neoplastic-like transformation and DNA double strand break by soft-agar colony formation and γ-H2AX assay. A-C: Representative images and quantification of colonies formed by the exposed cells on soft agar after 28 days. Scale bar is 100 μm. 100X magnification.; D-E: Representative immunofluorescence images and quantification of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) foci in the exposed cells. Scale bar is 10 μm. 200X magnification. Quantification of γ-H2AX positive cells with >5 foci/cell is shown; F-G: Representative Western blotting and quantification of p53 protein in the exposed cells. Data are presented as relative values to passage-matched control cells treated with particle-free medium. Data are mean ± SD (n=4), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus control cells. #p < 0.05 versus SWCNT-exposed cells.