Figure 4.

AβOs induce rapid mitochondrial alterations in HCNs. A–D, MMP, ATP levels, caspase activity, and LDH release were quantified in control (Ctrl) and AβO-treated cultures (5 μm) at the indicated time points. Significant changes in MMP and ATP levels can be observed in AβO-treated cultures within 2 h of treatment (A, B). Significant changes in caspase activity and LDH release are detected by 8 h (C, D). Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM by unpaired Student's t test; ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01. Similar results were obtained in four independent experiments.