Table 2.

Intervention in systemic environment to rejuvenate function of tissue-specific stem cells.

Intervening approach	Target cell	Mechanism	Rejuvenation on function	References
Frizzled-related protein 3 (sFRP3) incubation	MuSCs	suppression of Wnt signaling	proliferative potential; muscle regeneration	[22]
Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) injection	MuSCs	suppression of Wnt signaling	muscle regeneration	[22]
TGF-beta receptor kinase inhibitor	MuSCs	attenuating TGFβ signlling	regenerative potential	[21]
Recombinant GDF11 injection	MuSCs	unknown	regenerative potential	[35]
Oxytocin	MuSCs	activation of MAPK/ERK signaling	MuSC activation and proliferation; regenerative potential	[91]
Recombinant GDF11 injection	NSCs	activation of TGFβ signaling	self-renewal; differentiation potential; neurogenesis	[36]
GnRH I injection	NSCs	unknown	neuronesis; cognitive function	[87]
CCL11-specific neutralizing antibody	NSCs	unknown	neuronesis; cognitive function	[37]
N-acetylcysteine incubation	MSCs	Scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS)	aging phenotypes	[85]
4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) injection	Skin	blockade of NF-κB	age-associated gene expression; proliferation	[86]
Recombinant GDF11 injection	Renal Epithelial cell	Upregulating ERK1/2 pathway	proliferative capacity; renal repair	[93]