Perceived Changes in Life Satisfaction from the Past, Present and to the Future: A Comparison of U.S. and Japan

. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Aging. 2019 Apr 11;34(3):317–329. doi: 10.1037/pag0000345

Multilevel Models Predicting Past, Present, and Future Life Satisfaction by Age, Age Squared, and Nationality

	Perceived Life Satisfaction without Covariates		Perceived Life Satisfaction with Covariates

Variable	b(SE)	df	b(SE)	df
Intercept	7.34(0.04)^**	4842	6.85 ( 0.06 )^**	4751
Gender, female (ref=male)			0.18 ( 0.04 )^**	4751
Number of Chronic Conditions			−0.10 ( 0.02 )^**	4751
Marital Status, married (ref=Single)			0.61 ( 0.04 )^**	4751
Education (Z-score)			0.04 ( 0.02 )^*	4751
Centered Neuroticism			−0.16 ( 0.03 )^**	4751
Centered Extraversion			0.36 ( 0.03 )^**	4751
Centered Life Orientation			0.09 ( 0.005 )^**	4751
Nationality, Japan (ref=U.S.)	−0.87 ( 0.09 )^**	4842	−0.38 ( 0.08 )^**	4751
Time	0.46 ( 0.02 )^**	9630	0.46 ( 0.02 )^**	9465
Nationality*Time	−0.6 ( 0.05 )^**	9630	−0.6 ( 0.05 )^**	9465
Cage	0.05 ( 0.002 )^**	4842	0.05 ( 0.002 )^**	4751
Cage*Nationality	−0.02 ( 0.005 )^*	4842	−0.02 ( 0.004 )^*	4751
Cage*Time	−0.04 ( 0.001 )^**	9630	−0.04 ( 0.001 )^**	9465
CageNationalityTime	0.002 ( 0.003 )	9630	0.001 ( 0.003 )	9465
Cage^2	0.001 ( 0.0002 )^*	4842	0.001 ( 0.0002 )^**	4751
Cage^2*Nationality	−0.001 ( 0.0004 )^*	4842	−0.001 ( 0.0004 )^*	4751
Cage^2*Time	−0.001 ( 0.0001 )^**	9630	−0.001 ( 0.0001 )^**	9465
Cage^2NationalityTime	0.001 ( 0.0002 )^*	9630	0.001 ( 0.0002 )^*	9465

Note.

p<.05

^**

p<.001.

Standard Errors are indicated by the parentheses.