Table 1. HRs (95% CIs) for esophageal cancer according to tea temperature preference among 164,531 male and 291,624 female participants.
| Less than weekly | Weekly | Daily |
Ptrend (all)† |
Ptrend (daily)‡ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warm | Hot | Burning hot | |||||
| Men | |||||||
| Cases | 648 | 60 | 106 | 188 | 104 | ||
| PYs | 697,248 | 151,440 | 209,462 | 290,694 | 118,899 | ||
| Cases/PYs (/1,000) | 0.93 | 0.40 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.87 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.78, 1.38) | 1.44 (1.13, 1.83) | 1.60 (1.31, 1.96) | 1.97 (1.52, 2.57) | <0.001 | 0.058 |
| Multivariable-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.79, 1.41) | 1.50 (1.17, 1.92) | 1.62 (1.32, 1.99) | 1.93 (1.48, 2.52) | <0.001 | 0.117 |
| Further adjusted for tobacco smoking | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.76, 1.34) | 1.38 (1.08, 1.77) | 1.49 (1.21, 1.83) | 1.75 (1.34, 2.28) | <0.001 | 0.153 |
| Further adjusted for alcohol consumption | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.70, 1.24) | 1.17 (0.91, 1.50) | 1.30 (1.05, 1.59) | 1.55 (1.19, 2.02) | <0.001 | 0.100 |
| Women | |||||||
| Cases | 583 | 5 | 14 | 16 | 7 | ||
| PYs | 2,083,035 | 146,512 | 204,331 | 174,264 | 50,476 | ||
| Cases/PYs (/1,000) | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.14 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.48 (0.20, 1.17) | 0.97 (0.51, 1.85) | 1.21 (0.69, 2.10) | 1.08 (0.49, 2.38) | 0.73 | 0.54 |
| Multivariable-adjusted* | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.21, 1.25) | 1.03 (0.53, 1.98) | 1.29 (0.74, 2.26) | 1.12 (0.51, 2.48) | 0.55 | 0.60 |
| Further adjusted for tobacco smoking | 1.00 | 0.52 (0.21, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.54, 2.02) | 1.31 (0.75, 2.30) | 1.14 (0.52, 2.52) | 0.50 | 0.58 |
| Further adjusted for alcohol consumption | 1.00 | 0.52 (0.21, 1.27) | 1.04 (0.54, 2.02) | 1.30 (0.74, 2.29) | 1.13 (0.51, 2.51) | 0.51 | 0.57 |
HR indicates hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; and PYs, person-years.
Multivariable model was adjusted for age (years), education (no formal school, primary school, middle school, high school, college, or university or above), marital status (married, widowed, divorced/separated, or never married), household income (Chinese Renminbi/year: <2,500, 2,500-4,999, 5,000-9,999, 10,000-19,999, 20,000-34,999, or ≥35,000), physical activity (metabolic equivalent of task-hour/day), intakes of red meat, fresh fruits and vegetables, and preserved vegetables (days/week, calculated by assigning participants to the midpoint of their intake category), body mass index (kg/m2), family history of cancer (presence or absence), and menopausal status (premenopausal, perimenopausal, or postmenopausal; for women only). Multivariable model was further adjusted for tobacco smoking (nonsmokers, current smokers 1-9, 10-19, 20-29, or ≥30 cigarettes or equivalents per day) and alcohol consumption (less than weekly, weekly, daily <15, 15-29, 30-59, ≥60 grams of pure alcohol).
Calculated by assigning consecutive integers to five tea consumption categories.
Restricted to daily tea consumers and calculated by assigning consecutive integers to three categories.