Table 1. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident ischemic heart disease by lifestyle factors among 461,211 participants.
| Major coronary events (ncase = 3,331) | Ischemic heart disease (ncase = 21,857) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Cases/PYs (/1,000) |
HR (95% CI) | Ptrend* | Cases | Cases/PYs (/1,000) |
HR (95% CI) | Ptrend* | |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Never | 1,669 | 0.7 | 1.00 | 14,060 | 6.3 | 1.00 | ||
| Former | 154 | 1.7 | 1.21 (1.01, 1.44) | 855 | 9.5 | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | ||
| Current (cigarettes/day) | ||||||||
| < 15 | 670 | 1.9 | 1.55 (1.39, 1.74) | 0.017 | 2,970 | 8.6 | 1.23 (1.18, 1.30) | <0.001 |
| 15 - | 598 | 1.4 | 1.69 (1.49, 1.91) | 2,850 | 6.5 | 1.30 (1.23, 1.37) | ||
| 25 - | 240 | 1.4 | 1.90 (1.62, 2.23) | 1,122 | 6.6 | 1.43 (1.34, 1.54) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Never | 2,585 | 1.0 | 1.00 | 17,706 | 6.7 | 1.00 | ||
| Former | 249 | 2.1 | 1.14 (0.99, 1.31) | 1,168 | 10.2 | 1.18 (1.11, 1.25) | ||
| Current weekly | 171 | 0.9 | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | 1,201 | 6.1 | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | ||
| Current daily (g/day) | ||||||||
| < 15 | 19 | 1.2 | 0.57 (0.36, 0.90) | 0.011 | 139 | 8.9 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.93) | 0.211 |
| 15 - | 61 | 1.0 | 0.64 (0.50, 0.83) | 392 | 6.9 | 0.78 (0.70, 0.86) | ||
| 30 - | 111 | 1.1 | 0.80 (0.66, 0.98) | 603 | 6.2 | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) | ||
| 60 - | 135 | 1.0 | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 648 | 5.0 | 0.83 (0.77, 0.91) | ||
| Physical activity (MET-hours/day) | ||||||||
| < 11.0 | 1,708 | 2.1 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 8,671 | 11.1 | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| 11.0 - | 840 | 1.0 | 0.81 (0.75, 0.89) | 6,198 | 7.4 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | ||
| Men 20.0 -, Women 18.0 - | 474 | 0.6 | 0.69 (0.61, 0.77) | 4,024 | 4.9 | 0.90 (0.86, 0.94) | ||
| Men 33.5 -, Women 29.5 - | 309 | 0.4 | 0.67 (0.58, 0.76) | 2,964 | 3.6 | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | ||
| Dietary pattern | ||||||||
| Daily FV, weekly but not daily meat | 163 | 0.8 | 1.00 | -- | 1,717 | 8.1 | 1.00 | -- |
| Less than daily FV, daily meat | 14 | 0.9 | 0.99 (0.57, 1.73) | 96 | 6.4 | 1.20 (0.97, 1.47) | ||
| Other | 3,154 | 1.0 | 1.18 (1.00, 1.39) | 20,044 | 6.6 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| < 18.5 | 284 | 2.0 | 1.43 (1.26, 1.64) | 0.054 | 1,203 | 8.5 | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) | <0.001 |
| 18.5 - | 1,642 | 0.9 | 1.00 | 10,010 | 5.7 | 1.00 | ||
| 24.0 - | 1,039 | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 7,547 | 7.2 | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14) | ||
| 28.0 - | 366 | 1.1 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.18) | 3,097 | 9.8 | 1.28 (1.22, 1.34) | ||
| WHR | ||||||||
| Men < 0.90, women < 0.85 | 1,213 | 0.8 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 8,248 | 5.8 | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Men 0.90 -, women 0.85 - | 915 | 1.0 | 1.13 (1.03, 1.24) | 5,983 | 6.5 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | ||
| Men 0.95 -, women 0.90 - | 1,203 | 1.3 | 1.28 (1.16, 1.41) | 7,626 | 8.4 | 1.15 (1.11, 1.20) | ||
HR indicates hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; PYs, person-years; MET, metabolic equivalent task; FV: fruits and vegetables; BMI, body mass index; and WHR, waist-to-hip ratio. Multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, family history of heart attack, and prevalent hypertension at baseline. All six lifestyle factors were included simultaneously in the same model.
*
Linear trend test for smoking was only performed in current smokers and alcohol consumption in current daily drinkers.