Table 3. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) and PAR% (95% CIs) for incident ischemic cardiovascular diseases by low-risk lifestyle factors* among 461,211 participants.
| Cases in low-risk group | Cases/PYs (1,000) in low-risk group | HR (95% CI) | PAR% (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major coronary events (ncase = 3,331) | ||||
| Smoking | 1,823 | 0.8 | 0.63 (0.57, 0.69) | 16.9 (14.5, 19.2) |
| Alcohol consumption | 80 | 1.1 | 0.64 (0.51, 0.80) | 33.9 (18.7, 47.5) |
| Physical activity | 783 | 0.5 | 0.74 (0.68, 0.82) | 21.6 (15.9, 27.1) |
| Dietary pattern | 163 | 0.8 | 0.84 (0.72, 0.99) | 15.2 (1.7, 28.1) |
| BMI | 1,642 | 0.9 | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | 5.8 (2.1, 9.4) |
| WHR | 1,213 | 0.8 | 0.89 (0.83, 0.96) | 6.4 (1.8, 11.0) |
| Ischemic heart disease (ncase = 21,857) | ||||
| Smoking | 14,915 | 6.5 | 0.80 (0.77, 0.83) | 6.5 (5.5, 7.5) |
| Alcohol consumption | 531 | 7.3 | 0.80 (0.73, 0.87) | 19.5 (12.4, 26.3) |
| Physical activity | 6,988 | 4.3 | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) | 8.0 (5.8, 10.1) |
| Dietary pattern | 1,717 | 8.1 | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 6.2 (1.6, 10.7) |
| BMI | 10,010 | 5.7 | 0.86 (0.84, 0.89) | 7.8 (6.2, 9.3) |
| WHR | 8,248 | 5.8 | 0.91 (0.88, 0.94) | 5.2 (3.5, 7.0) |
| Ischemic stroke (ncase = 19,348) | ||||
| Smoking | 12,980 | 5.6 | 0.83 (0.80, 0.87) | 5.5 (4.4, 6.6) |
| Alcohol consumption | 592 | 8.2 | 0.90 (0.82, 0.97) | 8.6 (1.1, 16.1) |
| Physical activity | 5,153 | 3.1 | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) | 9.2 (6.7, 11.7) |
| Dietary pattern | 1,397 | 6.6 | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 10.8 (6.0, 15.6) |
| BMI | 8,756 | 5.0 | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | 4.5 (2.8, 6.1) |
| WHR | 6,712 | 4.7 | 0.86 (0.83, 0.89) | 8.8 (6.8, 10.7) |
HR indicates hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; PAR%, population attributable risk percent; PYs, person-years; BMI, body mass index; and WHR, waist-to-hip ratio. Multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, family histories of heart attack or stroke (adjusted for in the corresponding analysis), and prevalent hypertension at baseline. All six lifestyle factors were included simultaneously in the same model.
Low-risk lifestyle factors were defined as: non-smoking or having stopped for reasons other than illness; drinking greater than zero but less than 30 g of alcohol per day; engaging in a sex-specific median or higher level of physical activity; eating fruits and vegetables everyday and red meat 1 to 6 days a week; having a BMI between 18.5 and 23.9 kg/m2; and having a WHR < 0.90 in men and < 0.85 in women.