Table 3.
Maternal characteristics, including comparison between vitamin D supplemented and unsupplemented mothers (n=28 mothers total).1
| All (n=28) |
Supplemented (n=9) |
Unsupplemented (n=19) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± 1 SD (range) or N (%) |
Mean ± 1 SD (range) or N (%) |
Mean ± 1 SD (range) or N (%) |
p- value2 |
|
| Age (years) | 31 ± 6.5 (19, 42) | 30 ± 6.0 (21, 41) | 31 ± 6.9 (19, 42) | 0.46 |
| First trimester BMI (kg/m2) | 29 ± 7.1 (18, 51) | 28 ± 8.0 (18, 45) | 29 ± 6.8 (20, 51) | 0.17 |
| Weight change (kg) | 8.6 ± 4.4 (−2, 18) | 8.0 ± 4.7 (−2, 18) | 9.7 ± 4.0 (4.5, 17) | 0.29 |
| Fish consumption (servings/weekly) | 1.1 ± 1.1 (0, 4.1) | 1.1 ± 1.1 (0, 4.1) | 1.0 ± 1.1 (0, 4.1) | 0.98 |
| Fish consumption (servings/weekly) | ||||
| 0–0.9 | 17 (61) | 6 (67) | 11 (58) | 0.53 |
| 1–1.9 | 7 (25) | 1 (11) | 6 (32) | |
| ≥2 | 4 (14) | 2 (22) | 2 (11) | |
| Ethnicity/Race | ||||
| African-American | 5 (18) | 1 (11) | 4 (21) | 0.54 |
| Caucasian | 8 (29) | 4 (44) | 4 (21) | |
| Hispanic | 15 (54) | 4 (44) | 11 (58) | |
| Education | ||||
| ≥ High school | 18 (64) | 5 (56) | 13 (68) | 0.73 |
| College (some or completed) | 5 (18) | 2 (22) | 3 (16) | |
| Graduate school | 5 (18) | 2 (22) | 3 (16) | |
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | 4 (14) | 1 (11) | 3 (16) | 1.0 |
| 1 | 11 (39) | 4 (44) | 7 (37) | |
| 2–5 | 13 (46) | 4 (44) | 9 (47) | |
| BMI class | ||||
| Underweight or normal weight | 8 (29) | 4 (44) | 4 (21) | 0.53 |
| Overweight | 11 (39) | 3 (33) | 8 (42) | |
| Obese | 9 (32) | 2 (22) | 7 (37) | |
| IOM weight class | ||||
| Below | 10 (42) | 5 (63) | 5 (31) | 0.30 |
| Within | 11 (46) | 2 (25) | 9 (56) | |
| Above | 3 (13) | 1 (13) | 2 (13) | |
| Antibiotic treatment between first and second stool collection | ||||
| 0 times | 22 (85) | 5 (63) | 17 (94) | 0.07 |
| 1–4 times | 4 (15) | 3 (38) | 1 (5.6) | |
| Flu vaccine between first and second stool collection | ||||
| No | 21 (88) | 6 (86) | 15 (88) | 0.66 |
| Yes | 3 (13) | 1 (14) | 2 (12) | |
| Did you drink alcohol prior to this pregnancy | ||||
| No | 22 (79) | 6 (67) | 16 (84) | 0.28 |
| Yes | 6 (21) | 3 (33) | 3 (16) | |
| Were you ever a smoker? | ||||
| No | 23 (82) | 7 (78) | 16 (84) | 0.53 |
| Yes | 5 (18) | 2 (22) | 3 (16) | |
| Do you have amalgam fillings? | ||||
| No | 13 (54) | 3 (38) | 10 (63) | 0.39 |
| Yes | 11 (46) | 5 (63) | 6 (38) |
BMI (Body mass index), IOM (Institute of Medicine)
1
Sample size for weight change, IOM weight class, and amalgam fillings: all (n=24), supplemented (n=8), and unsupplemented (n=16). Sample size for antibiotic treatment: all (n=26), supplemented (n=8), and unsupplemented (n=18). Sample size for flu vaccine: all (n=24), supplemented (n=7), and unsupplemented (n=17).
2
p-value is for Wilcoxon rank sum test or Fisher's exact test.