Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate findings for Review Question 2
| Construct | Studies measuring construct | How construct was measured | Univariate | Multivariate | Outcome | Controlled for | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow up | Baseline | Follow up | ||||||
| Organisational social factors | |||||||||
| Organisational support | Reme et al. 2012 [48] | Eight-item shortened version of the Perceived Organization Support Scale (7-point scale) |
✓ (OR 0.88) |
– | – | – | RTW (work status at 3 month follow-up) | – | |
| Supervisor social factors | |||||||||
| Supervisor support | deVente et al. 2015 [40] | Subscale of Job Content Questionnaire (4-point scale) | ✕ | – | – | – | RTW (full return for at least 1 month, within 13 months post-injury) | – | |
| Jetha et al. 2017 [42] | Three questions were posed on supervisor support (five point scale) |
✓ NR |
✕ | ✕ | ✕ | Sustained RTW (28 days or longer; baseline: 1 to 6 months post-injury; follow-up: 6 months after baseline) |
Age, gender, injury type, time since injury, work-context factors + Reaction factors Follow up: +RTW at baseline, time off |
||
| Netterstrom et al. 2015 [47] | Subscale of Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) (4-point scale) |
✓ (r = − .147) |
– |
✓ NR ✕ |
– | RTW (full time; baseline: 1 year; follow-up: 3 years) |
Age, gender, marital status, and occupational position Severity of illness |
||
| Watt et al. 2015 [50] | Questionnaire: Experience and Evaluation of Work (QEEW)—relationships with superiors subscale (4-point converted to 0–100) |
✓ (η2 = 0.14) |
– | – | – | RTW (durable: currently employed or previous employed > 12 months; non-durable: <12 months) | – | ||
| Supervisor injury response | Boot et al. 2014 [39] | Interview question based on literature (multi-choice) ‘Please tell me whether any of the following list of reactions that your supervisor may have had to your accident/injury apply to your case’ (eight items yes–no) |
✓ (OR: 1.7) |
– | – | – | RTW (any, including same/different employer, or modified work at follow up; follow-up: 12 months) | – | |
| Jetha et al. 2017 [42] | Given eight reaction types and asked if applicable to experience (yes–no) |
✓ (w = 0.17) |
✓ (w = 0.18) |
✓ (OR 1.6) ✓ (OR 2.3) |
✓ (OR 1.6) ✕ |
Sustained RTW (28 days or longer; baseline: 1 to 6 months post-injury; follow-up: 6 months after baseline) |
Age, gender, injury type, time since injury, work-context factors + Support factors Follow up: +RTW at baseline, time off |
||
| Relationship w/employer | St Arnaud et al. 2007 [49] | Developed questionnaire that asked related questions |
✓ (PR 1.04) |
– |
✓ (PR 1.00) |
– | RTW (not further specified; within 12 months) | Age, gender, job type, working conditions, work-related factors | |
| Maintenance of relationship w/employer during time absent | Lee et al. 2015 [44] | Data from the first PSWCI, published in June 2014 |
✓ (w = 0.21) |
– |
✓ (OR 1.79) |
– | RTW (job retention, reemployment, unpaid family worker, self-employment; 24 months after terminating medical care) | Age, gender, education, smoking, alcohol, income, registered as disabled, occupational characteristics, physician-related factors, employer-related factors | |
| Co-worker social factors | |||||||||
| Co-worker social support | deVente et al. 2015 [40] | Subscale of Job Content Questionnaire (4-point scale) | ✕ | – | – | – | RTW (full return for at least 1 month, within 13 months post-injury) | – | |
| Jetha et al. 2017 [42] | Five questions were posed on co-worker support (5 point scale) |
✓ NR |
✓ NR |
✕ | ✕ | Sustained RTW (28 days or longer; baseline: 1 to 6 months post-injury; follow-up: 6 months after baseline) |
Age, gender, injury type, time since injury, work-context factors + Reaction factors Follow up: +RTW at baseline, time off |
||
| Netterstrom et al. 2015 [47] | Subscale of Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) (4-point scale) |
✓ (r = − .141) |
– |
✓ NR X |
– | RTW (full time; baseline: 1 year; follow-up: 3 years) |
Age, gender, marital status, and occupational position Not specified |
||
| Watt et al. 2015 [50] |
Questionnaire on the Experience and Evaluation of Work (QEEW): relationships with colleagues subscale (4-point converted to 0-100) |
✓ (η2 = 0.07) |
– | – | – | RTW (durable: currently employed or previous employed > 12 months; non-durable: <12 months) | – | ||
| Co-worker injury response | Jetha et al. 2017 [42] | Given five reaction types and asked if they applied to their experience (yes–no) | ✕ |
✓ (w = 0.10) |
✕ | ✕ | Sustained RTW (28 days or longer; baseline: 1 to 6 months post-injury; follow-up: 6 months after baseline) |
Age, gender, injury type, time since injury, work-context factors + Support factors Follow up: +RTW at baseline, time off |
|
| Relationship w/colleagues | Marois et al. 2009 [46] | Existing database. Used semi-structured interview and self-administered questionnaires | ✕ | – | – | – | RTW (full-time, part-time, or capable of RTW but unable due to obstacles unrelated to work injury or illness) | – | |
| Reme et al. 2012 [48] | Workplace Friendship Scale; Six items (7-point scale) | ✕ | – | – | – | RTW (work status at 3 month follow-up) | – | ||
| St Arnaud et al. 2007 [49] | Developed questionnaire that asked related questions | ✕ | – | ✕ | – | RTW (not further specified; within 12 months) | Age, gender, job type, working conditions, work-related factors | ||
| Non-work social factors | |||||||||
| Family/friends | Kong et al. 2012 [43] | Self-reported family’s attitude on RTW (4—response multi-choice; less than positive, no comment, positive, unknown) |
✓ NR ✓ |
– |
✓ (HR: 4.0) |
– |
RTW (sustained for at least 3 continuous months during follow-up: 3 to 8 months) Absence Duration |
Gender, marital status, residential status, enterprise ownership when injury occurred, job position, working years pre-injury, monthly salary pre-injury, injury body part, injury nature, communication with employers, and occupational rehabilitation exercises | |
| Watt et al. 2015 [50] |
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) (12-items; 7-point scale; overall score) |
✕ | – | – | – |
RTW (durable: currently employed or previous employed > 12 months; non-durable: <12 months) |
– | ||
| Social functioning | Boot et al. 2014 [39] | Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)—social functioning subscale, range (0–100) | ✕ | – | – | – | RTW (any, including same/different employer, or modified work at follow up; follow-up: 12 months) | – | |
| Holtedahl et al. 2007 [41] | Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): Social functioning subscale (0-100) |
✓ (d = 0.93) |
– | – | – | RTW (post-injury: working full time, not working) | – | ||
| Li Tsang et al. 2007 [45] | Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): social functioning subscale (0-100) | – | – |
✓ NR |
– | RTW (employment status; 3.5 years post-injury) | Sex, age, educational level, type of injury | ||
| Overall social factors | |||||||||
| Overall social support | Kong et al. 2012 [43] | Self-reported feelings on Social support 4-response multi-choice (very satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, no comment) |
✓ (w = 0.24) ✕ |
- |
✓ (HR: 2.1) |
– |
Sustained RTW (3 continuous months during follow-up) Absence duration |
Gender, marital status, residential status, enterprise ownership when injury occurred, job position, working years pre-injury, monthly salary pre-injury, injury body part, injury nature, communication with employers, and occupational rehabilitation exercises | |
Univariate analyses only included the social predictor and RTW variable. Multivariate analyses controlled for other variables (social and non-social)
OR = Odds Ratio; NR = Effect size not reported; r = Correlation; η2 = Partial eta squared; w = Phi, PR = Prevalence Ratio; HR = Hazard Ratio; d = Cohen’s d
✓ = significant positive relationships were found, ✕ = relationships were non-significant, – = relationship was not examined