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. 2019 Apr 24;48(9):1023–1038. doi: 10.1007/s13280-019-01179-w

Table 1.

Animals documented to ingest lead fishing gear (modified from Perry 1994)

Avian species
 Trumpeter swan, Cygnus buccinator
 Mute swan, Cygnus olor
 Tundra (whistling) swan, Cygnus columbianus
 Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus
 Canada goose, Branta canadensis
 Wood duck, Aix sponsa (Scheuhammer et al. 2003)
 Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
 American black duck, Anas rubripes
 Redhead, Aythya americana
 Greater scaup, Aythya marila
 White-winged scoter, Melanitta deglandi
 Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis (Schummer et al. 2011)
 Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator
 Common merganser, Mergus merganser
 Great blue heron, Ardea herodias
 Great egret, Ardea alba
 Snowy egret, Egretta thula
 Green heron, Butorides virescens (Scheuhammer et al. 2003)
 Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax (Franson et al. 2003)
 White ibis, Eudocimus albus
 Double-crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus
 Sandhill crane, Antigone canadensis (Windingstad et al. 1984)
 Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis
 American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
 Northern gannet, Morus bassanus (Pokras, unpubl.)
 Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla
 Herring gull, Larus argentatus
 Royal tern, Thalasseus maximus (Scheuhammer et al. 2003)
 Common loon, Gavia immer
 Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata (Twiss 1997)
 Little penguin, Eudyptula minor (Harrigan 2016)
 Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
 Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus (MI DNR, unpubl.)
Non-avian species
 Humans, Homo sapiens (Mowad et al. 1998, St. Clair and Benjamin 2008)
 Domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris (Bengfort and Carithers 1976)
 Harbor seal, Phoca vitulina (Zabka et al. 2006)
 Snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina (Borkowski 1997)
 Painted turtle, Chrysemys picta (Scheuhammer et al. 2003)