Table 2.
Volatile compounds profile and respective concentrations (µg/g fresh weight ± standard deviation in brackets; n = 3) in raw and roasted almonds
| Amendoão | Bonita | Casanova | Ferragnès | Glorieta | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw | Roasted | Raw | Roasted | Raw | Roasted | Raw | Roasted | Raw | Roasted | |
| 3-Methyl-1-butanol |
16.23 (7.18) |
5.48 (3.78) |
18.43 (0.19) |
13.79 (4.59) |
7.79 (0.87) |
8.40 (0.91) |
11.82 (2.43) |
10.97 (3.15) |
22.15 (4.99) |
26.26 (16.37) |
| 1-Pentanol |
0.71 (0.35) |
1.77# (0.30) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 3-Penten-2-ol | n.d. | n.d. |
1.81a (0.32) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
1.42ab (0.47) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Hexanal |
23.16a (7.62) |
51.74A# (3.90) |
0.69b (0.53) |
6.39#B (0.68) |
3.94b (1.31) |
7.06B (2.42) |
0.82b (0.80) |
7.27#B (0.67) |
0.27b (0.07) |
6.08#B (1.07) |
| 3-Methyl-1-pentanol | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
0.23 (0.04) |
n.d. |
| 2-Heptanone | n.d. |
4.81A (2.23) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 2-Heptanol | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Heptanal |
1.57a (0.75) |
3.80A (2.54) |
n.d. |
0.52B (0.23) |
n.d. |
0.38B (0.12) |
n.d. |
0.31B (0.04) |
0.21b (0.05) |
0.43B (0.17) |
| 2,5-Dimethyl-pyrazine- | n.d. |
0.34 (0.29) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| α-Pinene | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
7.19 (2.62) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
6.25 (3.71) |
| Benzaldehyde |
2.10c (1.32) |
2.01B (0.81) |
79.28a (13.15) |
240.97#A (37.6) |
16.93c (8.27) |
74.23#B (31.51) |
n.d. |
6.33B (3.77) |
0.61c (0.43) |
2.86B (2.49) |
| 1-Heptanol |
0.81a (0.29) |
1.96 (1.17) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
0.26 (0.13) |
0.22b (0.09) |
0.35 (0.21) |
| 1-Octen-3-ol |
0.32 (0.24) |
0.53 (0.32) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
0.05 (0.00) |
n.d. |
| 3-Octanone | n.d. |
0.61 (0.41) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 2-Octanone |
1.07 (0.70) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 4-Ethylcyclohexanol | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Hexyl acetate | n.d. |
1.34 (0.94) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-Hexadiene | n.d. |
1.06 (0.32) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Limonene |
3.79a (0.65) |
n.d. | n.d. |
3.39B (2.59) |
n.d. |
3.90B (2.41) |
0.75b (0.11) |
10.56#A (2.01) |
1.47b (0.79) |
5.25AB (2.54) |
| Benzyl-alcohol |
0.46d (0.35) |
n.d. |
6.74b (0.97) |
1.09#AB (0.26) |
3.79c (1.42) |
0.53#B (0.15) |
0.53d (0.11) |
0.57B (0.39) |
0.69d (0.39) |
n.d. |
| Benzeneacetaldehyde | n.d. |
4.94A (3.58) |
n.d. |
0.56B (0.12) |
n.d. |
0.77B (0.25) |
n.d. |
1.12AB (0.31) |
n.d. |
1.67AB (1.30) |
| (E)-2-Octenal | n.d. |
0.86 (0.66) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 1-Octanol |
1.30 (0.31) |
1.12A (0.61) |
0.90 (0.32) |
0.46B (0.04) |
1.29 (0.58) |
0.28#B (0.09) |
1.37 (0.39) |
0.29#B (0.08) |
1.88 (0.86) |
0.41#B (0.10) |
| 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine | n.d. |
3.78 (2.36) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Guaiacol | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 2-Nonanone | n.d. |
0.41 (0.31) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Nonanal |
1.52a (0.17) |
2.82 (1.64) |
1.29ab (0.29) |
1.35 (0.34) |
0.62c (0.28) |
1.17 (0.21) |
0.62c (0.22) |
1.62 (0.60) |
0.59c (0.19) |
1.60# (0.48) |
| Phenylethyl Alcohol |
0.89b (0.41) |
0.30C (0.19) |
1.54b (0.33) |
0.98BC (0.24) |
1.31b (0.19) |
0.98BC (0.38) |
2.23ab (0.63) |
1.16BC (0.72) |
1.89b (0.74) |
0.69BC (0.36) |
| (E)-2-Nonenal, | n.d. |
0.24 (0.10) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Levomenthol | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 1-Nonanol |
0.06 (0.04) |
0.10 (0.05) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Methyl salicylate | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Dodecane | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
0.15 (0.10) |
| Decanal | n.d. |
0.17 (0.10) |
n.d. |
0.09 (0.02) |
n.d. |
0.08 (0.02) |
n.d. |
0.15 (0.12) |
n.d. |
0.12 (0.02) |
| Total |
54.0bc (0.49) |
91.9B (15.4) |
110.7a (13.4) |
276.8A# (34.6) |
35.7cd (10.3) |
97.8B# (31.0) |
19.6d (1.74) |
40.6B# (3.84) |
30.3cd (3.74) |
51.9B# (16.8) |
| Molar | Pegarinhos Moncorvo | Pegarinhos Murça |
P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw | Roasted | Raw | Roasted | Raw | Roasted | Raw | Roasted | |
| 3-Methyl-1-butanol |
12.20 (6.43) |
12.69 (3.09) |
16.79 (4.14) |
13.64 (4.32) |
13.67 (4.59) |
11.43 (2.77) |
0.133 | 0.221 |
| 1-Pentanol | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| 3-Penten-2-ol | n.d. | n.d. |
0.73b (0.19) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.023 | – |
| Hexanal |
0.57b (0.30) |
3.06B (1.86) |
1.07b (0.06) |
6.05#B (0.86) |
1.89b (0.17) |
4.70#B (0.51) |
< 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 3-Methyl-1-pentanol | n.d. | n.d. |
0.24 (0.12) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.864 | – |
| 2-Heptanone | n.d. |
0.45B (0.18) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | 0.028 |
| 2-Heptanol | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
0.68 (0.26) |
n.d. | – | – |
| Heptanal | n.d. |
0.52B (0.25) |
n.d. |
0.42B (0.05) |
n.d. |
0.45B (0.06) |
0.036 | 0.003 |
| 2,5-Dimethyl-pyrazine- | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| α-Pinene | n.d. |
2.76 (0.60) |
n.d. |
3.87 (1.53) |
n.d. |
4.64 (1.40) |
– | 0.188 |
| Benzaldehyde |
1.18c (0.67) |
2.06B (0.70) |
11.64c (2.96) |
166.41#A (64.37) |
50.07b (17.50) |
204.69#A (37.38) |
< 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 1-Heptanol | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.030 | 0.204 |
| 1-Octen-3-ol | n.d. |
0.19 (0.02) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.123 | 0.208 |
| 3-Octanone | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | n.d. |
0.09 (0.03) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| 2-Octanone | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| 4-Ethylcyclohexanol | n.d. |
0.18 (0.16) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| Hexyl acetate | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-Hexadiene | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| Limonene |
0.74b (0.29) |
1.87#B (0.62) |
n.d. |
3.45B (1.42) |
n.d. |
4.21B (1.31) |
< 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Benzyl-alcohol |
0.42d (0.02) |
n.d. |
9.23a (1.19) |
1.42#A (0.16) |
6.93b (0.46) |
0.71#B (0.23) |
< 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Benzeneacetaldehyde | n.d. |
1.71AB (0.86) |
n.d. |
2.38AB (0.44) |
n.d. |
2.13AB (0.75) |
– | 0.041 |
| (E)-2-Octenal | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| 1-Octanol |
1.08 (0.29) |
0.33#B (0.08) |
1.49 (0.19) |
0.44#B (0.11) |
1.13 (0.72) |
0.33B (0.06) |
0.457 | 0.007 |
| 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| Guaiacol |
1.35 (0.37) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| 2-Nonanone | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| Nonanal |
0.74bc (0.07) |
1.09# (0.21) |
1.67a (0.29) |
1.29 (0.38) |
0.54c (0.12) |
1.24 (0.46) |
< 0.001 | 0.130 |
| Phenylethyl Alcohol |
1.48b (0.57) |
0.88BC (0.14) |
3.79a (1.25) |
3.29A (0.67) |
2.64ab (0.18) |
1.72B (0.55) |
0.001 | < 0.001 |
| (E)-2-Nonenal, | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| Levomenthol |
1.94 (1.53) |
n.d. |
0.75 (0.21) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.253 | – |
| 1-Nonanol | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| Methyl salicylate |
0.85 (0.46) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | – |
| Dodecane | n.d. |
0.04 (0.00) |
n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | – | < 0.001 |
| Decanal | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
0.13 (0.08) |
n.d. |
0.11 (0.04) |
– | 0.698 |
| Total |
22.6d (6.39) |
27.9B (2.26) |
47.4cd (9.06) |
202.8A# (63.9) |
77.6b (20.5) |
236.4A# (34.6) |
< 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Different small letters, for each compound, indicate significant differences among raw samples. Different capital letters, for each compound, indicate significant differences among roasted samples
N.d. not detected
#indicates significant differences between raw and roasted samples, for the same cultivar