Fig. 4.

BMP2, RUNX2, phosphorylated ERK1/2, and phosphorylated AKT levels as determined by western blotting. A Western blot analysis results. B BMP2, an osteogenic differentiation marker, was significantly expressed in the BCSP-conjugated scaffold relative to the SP-conjugated and BMP2-conjugated scaffolds (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001). C RUNX2 expression was highest in the BMP2-conjugated scaffold. And, the BCSP-conjugated scaffold showed significantly higher expression of RUNX2 compared to the SP-conjugated scaffold (***p < 0.001). D ERK1/2 was significantly expressed in the BCSP-conjugated scaffold compared to the SP-conjugated and BMP2-conjugated scaffolds (***p < 0.001). E AKT, a marker of cell survival, did not differ among the scaffolds (*p < 0.05)