Table 3.
Association between parental PTSD symptoms and children’s behavioral problems in 2012.
| Total behavior problems | Internalizing behavior problems | Externalizing behavior problems | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate | Multivariate (n = 211) | Bivariate | Multivariate (n = 211) | Bivariate | Multivariate (n = 211) | ||||||||
| OR | p | AOR | p | OR | p | AOR | p | OR | p | AOR | p | ||
| (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | ||||||||
| Parental PTSD Symptoms | |||||||||||||
| Non clinical | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||
| Clinical | 1.75 | 0.13 | 1.78 | 0.23 | 1.67 | 0.16 | 1.58 | 0.32 | 2.06 | 0.05 | 2.11 | 0.11 | |
| (0.85–3.58) | (0.70–4.49) | (0.82–3.41) | (0.65–3.82) | (0.99–4.30) | (0.86–5.20) | ||||||||
| Age of child (years) | a | a | a | ||||||||||
| 1.29 | 0.09 | 1.18 | 0.30 | 1.22 | 0.16 | 1.25 | 0.14 | 1.13 | 0.43 | 1.05 | 0.75 | ||
| (0.96–1.74) | (0.86–1.60) | (0.93–1.61) | (0.93–1.70) | (0.84–1.52) | (0.77–1.44) | ||||||||
| Sex of child | |||||||||||||
| Boy | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||
| Girl | 0.64 | 0.17 | 0.65 | 0.24 | 0.59 | 0.11 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.50 | |
| (0.34–1.20) | (0.32-1.33) | (0.31–1.13) | (0.25–1.11) | (0.45–1.63) | (0.39–1.57) | ||||||||
| Number of siblings | b | b | |||||||||||
| 0 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||
| 1 | 0.67 | 0.30 | 0.56 | 0.18 | 1.32 | 0.49 | 1.20 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 0.55 | 0.68 | 0.40 | |
| (0.31–1.43) | (0.24–1.31) | (0.60–2.92) | (0.49–2.91) | (0.34–1.76) | (0.28–1.66) | ||||||||
| 2+ | 0.42 | 0.09 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 1.38 | 0.52 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.65 | |
| (0.16–1.15) | (0.14–1.24) | (0.41–2.65) | (0.51–3.74) | (0.37–2.34) | (0.30–2.12) | ||||||||
| Missing | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3.42 | 0.40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| (-) | (-) | (0.20–59.25) | (-) | (-) | (-) | ||||||||
| Traumatic experiences | |||||||||||||
| (number) | 0 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||
| 1-2 | 1.67 | 0.30 | 1.32 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.71 | 0.49 | 1.61 | 0.31 | 1.34 | 0.54 | |
| (0.64–4.39) | (0.44–3.99) | (0.40–2.24) | (0.26–1.89) | (0.64–4.03) | (0.53–3.43) | ||||||||
| 3-4 | 1.45 | 0.49 | 1.20 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.94 | |
| (0.50–4.19) | (0.36–3.97) | (0.29–2.01) | (0.20–1.74) | (0.35–2.86) | (0.31–2.96) | ||||||||
| 5+ | 3.30 | 0.03 | 2.84 | 0.13 | 1.56 | 0.38 | 1.40 | 0.54 | 1.52 | 0.44 | 1.08 | 0.90 | |
| (1.10–9.93) | (0.75–10.80) | (0.58–4.20) | (0.48–4.11) | (0.53–4.42) | (0.31–3.75) | ||||||||
| Age of parent (years) | |||||||||||||
| 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.18 | 0.95 | 0.07 | 1.02 | 0.34 | 1.05 | 0.11 | ||
| (0.95–1.05) | (0.95–1.06) | (0.93–1.01) | (0.89–1.00) | (0.98–1.07) | (0.99–1.10) | ||||||||
| Parental education | c | c | |||||||||||
| High school or less | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||
| Some college+ | 1.05 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 0.93 | 1.48 | 0.24 | 1.72 | 0.17 | 0.76 | 0.44 | 0.69 | 0.35 | |
| (0.53–2.06) | (0.47––2.27) | (0.77–2.85) | (0.80–3.70) | (0.38–1.53) | (0.32–1.50) | ||||||||
| Missing | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.79 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| (-) | (-) | (0.15–20.77) | (-) | (-) | (-) | ||||||||
| Annual household income | |||||||||||||
| (2013, Unit: JPY10,000) | <300 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||
| 300-599 | 1.12 | 0.85 | 1.24 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.54 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 0.78 | 0.65 | 1.04 | 0.94 | |
| (0.37–3.36) | (0.35–4.41) | (0.27–2.00) | (0.20–2.22) | (0.26–2.31) | (0.33–3.32) | ||||||||
| 600+ | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 0.41 | |
| (0.18–2.44) | (0.18- 3.26) | (0.18–1.86) | (0.14–2.06) | (0.12–1.67) | (0.14–2.25) | ||||||||
| Missing | 1.38 | 0.56 | 1.66 | 0.43 | 1.11 | 0.84 | 1.16 | 0.80 | 1.03 | 0.95 | 1.21 | 0.73 | |
| (0.46–4.13) | (0.48-5.81) | (0.42–2.93) | (0.37–3.61) | (0.36–2.93) | (0.41–3.61) | ||||||||
Number of participants for bivariate analysis: a = 214, b = 217, c = 216; otherwise it is 219.
PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; OR, odds rario; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
(−): 95% CI unable to calculate.
Bold signifies p < 0.05.