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Induction of apoptosis by 3-chloroplumbagin in breast cancer cells. (A) Induction of caspase activity by ChPL. Analysis was performed with flow cytometry with the use of a caspase inhibitor, FAM-VAD-FMK (B) Apoptotic changes in plasma membrane induced by ChPL. Analysis was performed with flow cytometry after Annexin V-PE/7-AAD staining. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc tests [p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), n = 3].
