Table 1.

Between-groups meta-analysis effect sizes for pain intensity, anxiety, catastrophising, and functional disability at all possible follow-up points. Note: The standardised mean difference and random effects model were used for all analyses. CI, confidence interval

Analysis (follow-up period)	Notes	No. of included studies (citation)	No. participants in intervention group	No. participants in control group	Effect size (95% CI)	Test for overall effect (Z and P-value)	Cochrane's Q	I2 (%)
Pain intensity
(1) 0–1 Month	–	442, 45, 46, 48	102	92	−1.07 (−2.12, −0.01)	1.99, 0.05	27.02, <0.001	89
(2) 0–1 Month, sensitivity analysis	46Removed which had the largest effect size and could potentially be an outlier	342, 45, 48	87	77	−0.43 (−0.94, 0.09)	1.61, 0.11	4.14, 0.13	52
(3) 3 Months	–	242, 45	35	25	−1.12 (−2.68, 0.44)	1.40, 0.16	7.11, 0.008	86
(4) 12 Months	–	242, 67	31	23	−0.20 (−1.62, 1.22)	0.28, 0.78	6.14, 0.01	84
Anxiety (trait/general)
(5) 0–1 Month	–	242, 48	72	62	−0.06 (−0.40, 0.28)	0.35, 0.72	0.07, 0.79	0
Catastrophising
(6) Immediate post-treatment	–	248, 67	66	67	−0.23 (−0.57, 0.11)	1.33, 0.18	0.11, 0.74	0
Functional disability
(7) Immediate post-treatment	–	248, 67	66	67	0.34 (−1.71, 2.39)	0.32, 0.75	20.02, <0.001	95