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. 2019 Mar 1;123(2):e359–e371. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.01.024

Table 2.

Within-groups meta-analyses of pre- to post-intervention change scores for pain intensity, headache frequency, functional disability, anxiety, depression, catastrophising, school attendance, school functioning, and acceptance. Note: A random effects model was used for all analyses. CI, confidence interval.

Analysis Notes No. of included studies (citation) No. participants dunb effect size (95% CI) Test for overall effect (t and P-value) Cochrane's Q, P-value I2 (%)
Pain intensity
(1) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention – 1143, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57, 67, 81, 82 698 0.42 (0.14, 0.69) 2.96,0.003 109.55, <0.001 91
(2) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 46Removed which had the largest effect size and is an outlier 1043, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57, 67, 81, 82 683 0.32 (0.07, 0.57) 2.51, 0.012 86.24, <0.001 90
(3) Pre-intervention to 1 month post-intervention – 441, 42, 45, 53 299 0.93 (0.58, 1.28) 5.26, <0.001 14.23, 0.003 79
(4) Pre-intervention to 1 month post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 53Removed which had the largest sample size and a large effect size 341, 42, 45 154 0.84 (0.44, 1.25) 4.12, <0.001 5.05, 0.08 60
(5) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention – 742, 43, 45, 49, 57, 82, 83 396 0.95 (0.39, 1.50) 3.32, 0.001 118.32, <0.001 95
(6) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 45, 49Removed which had the two effect sizes and could be outliers;49 also had the largest sample size 542, 43, 57, 82, 83 240 0.55 (0.15, 0.95) 2.69, 0.007 32.22, <0.001 88
(7) Pre-intervention to 6 months post-intervention – 242, 83 67 0.78 (−0.30, 1.87) 1.42, 0.15 10.67, 0.001 91
(8) Pre-intervention to 12 months post-intervention – 442, 47, 49, 67 334 1.45 (0.70, 2.20) 3.80, <0.001 52.50, <0.001 94
(9) Pre-intervention to 12 months post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 49Removed which had the largest effect size and could be an outlier 342, 47, 67 198 1.27 (0.55, 2.00) 3.44, <0.001 11.76, 0.002 83
Headache frequency
(10) Pre-intervention to 6 months post-intervention – 252, 83 86 0.84 (−0.06, 1.74) 1.83, 0.07 12.26, <0.001 92
Functional disability
(11) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention – 1048, 50, 51, 53, 57, 67, 81, 82, 84, 85 869 1.11 (0.70, 1.51) 5.37, <0.001 191.57, <0.001 95
(12) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 51, 53Removed which had the two largest effect sizes and could be outliers 848, 50, 57, 67, 81, 82, 84, 85 668 0.82 (0.50, 1.14) 5.03, <0.001 83.99, <0.001 92
(13) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention – 449, 57, 67, 82 271 0.77 (0.01, 1.53) 1.99, 0.05 73.24, <0.001 96
(14) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 49Removed which had the largest effect size and could be an outlier 357, 67, 82 130 0.44 (0.27, 0.62) 4.90, <0.001 0.66, 0.71 0
Anxiety (trait/general)
(15) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention – 348, 51, 57 164 0.30 (−0.10, 0.70) 1.48, 0.138 12.96, 0.002 85
(16) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 51Removed which had the largest effect size and could be an outlier 248, 57 108 0.10 (−0.09, 0.28) 1.02, 0.301 0.21, 0.65 0
(17) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention – 342, 49, 57 204 0.46 (0.32, 0.60) 6.31, <0.001 1.74, 0.42 7
(18) Pre-intervention to 12 months post-intervention – 242, 49 156 0.57 (0.40, 0.74) 6.64, <0.001 0.13, 0.72 0
Depression
(19) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention – 848, 51, 53, 55, 57, 67, 82, 84 564 0.36 (0.17, 0.55) 3.68, <0.001 31.98, <0.001 78
(20) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 53, 84Removed which had the two largest effect sizes and sample sizes 648, 53, 55, 57, 67, 82 307 0.24 (0.09, 0.40) 3.03, 0.003 8.87, 0.11 44
(21) Pre intervention to 1 month post-intervention – 241, 53 264 0.65, (0.52, 0.79) 9.67, <0.001 0.56, 0.45 0
(22) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention – 349, 57, 82 230 0.31 (−0.04, 0.66) 1.75, 0.08 12.76, 0002 84
(23) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 49Removed which had the largest effect size and could be an outlier 257, 82 116 0.15 (−0.03, 0.33) 1.59, 0.11 0.31, 0.58 0
(24) Pre-intervention to 12 months post-intervention – 249, 67 152 0.31 (−0.18, 0.79) 1.24, 0.22 3.94, 0.05 75
Catastrophising
(25) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention – 548, 57, 67, 82, 84 328 0.75 (0.53, 0.97) 6.67, <0.001 11.41, 0.02 65
(26) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 57Removed which had the largest effect size and could be an outlier 448, 67, 82, 84 272 0.68 (0.52, 0.83) 8.49, <0.001 3.92, 0.27 23
(27) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention – 357, 67, 82 132 0.76 (0.30, 1.22) 3.25, 0.001 9.05, 0.01 78
(28) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 57Removed which had the largest effect size and could be an outlier 267, 82 89 0.55 (0.08, 1.02) 2.30, 0.02 2.91, 0.08 66
School attendance
(29) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention – 449, 57, 82, 83 304 0.64 (0.11, 1.17) 2.35, 0.02 48.03, <0.001 94
(30) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention, sensitivity analysis 49Removed which had the largest effect size and could be an outlier 357, 82, 83 163 0.44 (−0.04, 0.92) 1.80, 0.07 16.73, <0.001 88
School functioning/aversion
(31) Pre-intervention to 3 months post-intervention – 249, 83 188 0.35 (0.20, 0.49) 4.64, <0.001 0.73, 0.39 0
Acceptance
(32) Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention Positive effect size indicates increase in acceptance 282, 84 206 0.91 (0.75, 1.07) 11.05, <0.001 0.70, 0.40 0
Parental measure of pain intensity
(33) – Pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention – 255, 57 84 0.42 (−0.50, 1.34) 0.90, 0.37 13.39, <0.001 93