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Inflammatory cytokine levels in blood serum of patients. (A) The levels of IL-1β, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-8 and (D) TNF-α in control healthy subjects, and TBI patients 24 h prior to dexmedetomidine treatment and TBI patients following dexmedetomidine treatment, were measured by ELISA. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 with comparisons indicated by lines. IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TBI, traumatic brain injury; CTRL, control; DEX, dexmedetomidine.
