Dexmedetomidine regulates the expression of macrophage stimulatory surface markers. (A) Relative macrophage viability following various treatments. (B) Expression of CD40 and (C) CD86 by macrophages following the various treatments. (D) Representative plots from flow cytometry analysis demonstrating the expression of CD40 and (E) CD86. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 with comparisons indicated by lines. CD, cluster of differentiation; CTRL, control; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; DEX, dexmedetomidine; YOH, yohimbine.