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. 2019 Jul 1;18(3):1863–1869. doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.7720

Long non-coding RNA H19 knockdown inhibits the cell viability and promotes apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells through regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway

Xiaoyu Li 1, Qinghuai Li 1, Xiao Jin 1, Hao Guo 1, Yong Li 2,✉
PMCID: PMC6676202  PMID: 31410148

Abstract

Certain long non-coding (lnc)RNAs have been reported to serve important roles in the genesis and progression of thyroid cancer (TC). Recent studies have demonstrated that the expression of lncRNA H19 is upregulated in TC tissues; however, knowledge of the associated molecular mechanisms is limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the roles of H19 in TC. The mRNA expression of lncRNA H19 in TC tissues was determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and the effects of H19 knockdown on cell viability and apoptosis in vitro were assessed using MTT and flow cytometric assays, respectively. Finally, the signaling pathways involved in the effects of H19 were examined. The results indicated that H19 was upregulated in TC tissues. Silencing of H19 inhibited the cell viability and promoted apoptosis of FTC-133 and TPC-1 TC cells, accompanied by an increased expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein and caspase 3, and repressed expression of Bcl-2. The results of western blot analysis suggested that the levels of phosphorylated phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated AKT were attenuated by H19 silencing. These results suggest that lncRNA H19 exerts an oncogenic function in TC, in part through the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Keywords: thyroid cancer, H19, cell viability, apoptosis

Introduction

Thyroid cancer (TC) commonly presents in women of all ages and is associated with a high morbidity, worldwide (1,2). Despite the high survival rates of affected patients, an increasing incidence combined with a high rate of recurrence and a young age at diagnosis indicates that additional research on TC is required (2,3). Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) accounts for almost 15% of all cases of TC (4).

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-protein-coding transcripts that are >200 nucleotides in length (5). Increasing evidence indicates that lncRNAs are crucial factors in tissue physiology and the pathological processes of various diseases, including cancer (6,7). A large number of dysregulated lncRNAs have been identified in cancer, suggesting their oncogenic or tumor-suppressive properties (8,9). lncRNAs have been reported to serve an important role in the oncogenesis and progression of TC (10,11). For example, the lncRNA PTC susceptibility candidate 3, which is specifically expressed in thyroid tissues and downregulated in PTC tissues, has been reported to function as a tumor suppressor through the S100 calcium-binding protein A4 pathway (12,13). In addition, the expression of BRAF-activated lncRNA (BANCR) was found to be higher in PTC tissues compared with that in matched normal tissues, and BANCR has been reported to contribute to the genesis of PTC through regulating cell proliferation and the cell cycle (14,15).

Recent studies have indicated that expression of lncRNA H19 is upregulated in TC tissues and TC cell lines (4,16). Furthermore, an increased expression of lncRNA H19 was reported to be associated with poor prognosis of patients with TC (4). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. It has been reported that the overexpression of H19 in TC cell lines, including TPC-1 and NIM lines, promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas the knockdown of H19 had the opposite effect and enhanced cell apoptosis (16). The exact molecular mechanisms remain to be investigated and confirmed.

In the present study, the expression of H19 in TC tissues was analyzed. Furthermore, the FTC-133 human TC cell line was used to assess the role of H19 in TC in vitro and to investigate the possible mechanisms.

Materials and methods

Tissue samples

The present study included 30 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for TC between May 2016 and June 2017 at the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University (Shijiazhuang, China). The characteristics of the patients are listed in Table I. Samples of cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until use. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and all patients provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study.

Table I.

Expression of H19 in tissues from patients with thyroid cancer.

Factor Cases H19a P-value
Gender 0.623
  Male 14 6.645±0.210
  Female 16 6.783±0.182
Age (years) 0.578
  <60 17 6.661±0.239
  ≥60 13 6.848±0.215
Histological grade 0.041
  Well-intermediately differentiated 9 6.106±0.240
  Poorly differentiated 21 6.918±0.225
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Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation.

Cell culture

The human FTC-133 and TPC-1 TC cell lines were purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China) and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. The cells were passaged every other day and cells in the logarithmic growth phase were used for the subsequent experiments.

Cell transfection

For the knockdown of lncRNA H19, two complementary oligonucleotides of small interfering (si)RNA, H19-siRNA1 and H19-siRNA2, and non-targeting control siRNA (NC) were designed. The sequences were chemically synthesized by Shanghai GeneChem Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Using Lipofectamine 2000™ reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) following the manufacturer's protocol, the TC cells were transiently transfected with H19 siRNA (siRNA-1 or siRNA-2) or NC control. The mRNA levels were detected at 48 h post-transfection using a microspectrophotometer at a wavelength of 260 nm. The most efficient siRNA was selected for the subsequent experiments.

Cell viability assay

The cells were seeded into a 96-well culture plate at a density of 5×104 cells/well. The cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). Following the manufacturer's protocols, 10 µl of MTT reagent (5 mg/ml) was added to each well, followed by incubation for 4 h at 37°C. The supernatants were aspirated and the formazan crystals were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. The optical density of each well was measured using an ELISA reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) at a wavelength of 490 nm at 12, 24 or 48 h.

RNA isolation and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis

Total RNA from the thyroid tissue and cells was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Total RNA was reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA with a PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) and qPCR was performed using a SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) on an ABI 7300 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturers' protocols. The reactions were under the following conditions: 95°C for 7 min; 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec, 60°C for 30 sec, and extension at 72°C for 30 sec. The relative expression of mRNA in each sample was normalized to GAPDH and calculated using the 2−ΔΔCq method (17). The primer sequences are listed in Table II.

Table II.

Oligonucleotide primers used for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Name Primer sequence
H19 Forward 5′-ACTCAGGAATCGGCTCTGGAA-3′
Reverse 5′-CTGCTGTTCCGATGGTGTCTT-3′
U6 Forward 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′
Reverse 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′
Bax Forward 5′-CACCAGCTCTGAACAGATCATGA-3′
Reverse 5′-TCAGCCCATCTTCTTCCAGATGT-3′
Bcl-2 Forward 5′-CACCCCTGGCATCTTCTCCTT-3′
Reverse 5′-AGCGTCTTCAGAGACAGCCAG-3′
Caspase-3 Forward 5′-CATGGAAGCGAATCAATGGACT-3′
Reverse 5′-CTGTACCAGACCGAGATGTCA-3′
GAPDH Forward 5′-GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT-3′
Reverse 5′-GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG-3′
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Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein.

Protein isolation and western blot analysis

The proteins were extracted from cells using ice-cold radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China). The concentration of protein was determined using a BCA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Equal quantities of protein (80 µg) were denatured in a boiling water bath and then separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, followed by transfer onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Subsequently, the membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk, and incubated with primary antibodies specific for B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2; cat. no. ab32124, 1:1,000, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax; cat. no. ab32503, 1:1,000, Abcam), caspase 3 (cat. no. ab32351, 1:5,000, Abcam), phosphoinositide-3 kinase (p-PI3K; cat. no. ab109006, 1:1,000, Abcam), AKT (cat. no. ab133458, 1:1,000, Abcam) or GAPDH (cat. no. ab181603, 1:10,000, Abcam) at 37°C for 1 h. Following washing with PBS five times, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (cat. no. ab205718, 1:2,000, Abcam) at room temperature for 60 min, and bands were visualized with a Novex® ECL Chemiluminescent Substrate Reagent kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Images were captured using a ChemiDoc™ XRS+ imaging system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). The signal intensities were quantified using ImageJ software 1.46 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).

Apoptosis assay

The apoptotic cells were quantified using an Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) Apoptosis Detection kit (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. The cells were seeded in 6-well plates and stained with Annexin V/FITC for 15 min at room temperature in the dark, followed by the addition of PI for 5 min at room temperature in the dark. Finally, the cells were subjected to flow cytometric analysis (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using CellQuest software 5.1 (BD Biosciences).

Statistical analysis

All data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was analyzed using Student's t-test. The difference among multiple groups were evaluated with one-way ANOVA followed by a Newman-Keuls post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Characteristics of patients

As shown in Table I, the expression levels of H19 were significantly associated with histological grade (P=0.041), whereas there was no significant association between the expression of H19 and the gender (P=0.623) or ages of the patients (0.578).

lncRNA H19 is upregulated in TC tissues

RT-qPCR analysis was used to examine the expression of H19. The results suggested that the levels of H19 in the TC tissues were significantly upregulated, by over six-fold, compared with those in the adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 1), which is consistent with the results of recent studies (4,16). These results suggested that H19 may be involved in the development of TC.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Long non-coding RNA H19 is upregulated in TC tissues. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the expression of H19 was performed in TC tissues. Results are expressed relative to the value of the normal control (set at 1 as the reference). The lines indicate the mean expression values. **P<0.01. TC, thyroid cancer.

H19 knockdown inhibits TC cell viability and induces apoptosis in vitro

The roles of H19 in TC were further investigated by assessing the cell viability and apoptosis of TC cells subjected to H19 knockdown. The knockdown efficiencies are shown in Fig. 2A and B. H19 siRNA-2 was selected for subsequent experiments due to its relatively higher efficiency. As indicated in Fig. 3A and B, H19 knockdown inhibited cell viability in a time-dependent manner, with a significant reduction at 48 h post-transfection. To further investigate the mechanisms by which H19 inhibits TC cell viability, the apoptotic rates of TC cells with H19 knockdown were assessed by flow cytometry. The results indicated that H19 silencing significantly enhanced the apoptotic rate (Fig. 4A-D). Subsequently, whether H19 regulates the expression of the apoptosis-associated molecules Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase 3 was assessed (18,19). As presented in Figs. 5A-E and 6A-E, significant increases in Bax and caspase 3, and repression of Bcl-2 were observed at the mRNA and protein expression levels in TC cells following H19 silencing.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Expression of H19 in thyroid cancer cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to examine the expression of H19. (A) FTC-133 cells were transfected with NC siRNA, H19 siRNA1 or H19 siRNA2. Compared with that in the NC group, the expression of H19 was significantly decreased. (B) TPC-1 cells were transfected with NC siRNA, H19 siRNA1 or H19 siRNA2. Compared with that in the NC group, the expression of H19 was significantly decreased. Of note, H19 siRNA2 was more potent at suppressing the expression of H19. **P<0.01. Groups: NC, cells transfected with NC siRNA; siRNA1, cells transfected with H19 siRNA1; siRNA2, cells transfected with H19 siRNA2. NC, negative control; siRNA, small silencing RNA.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Knockdown of H19 reduces the viability of thyroid cancer cells. Cell viability was determined with an MTT assay. (A) Compared with that of the NC group cells, the viability of the FTC-133 cells was significantly decreased following treatment with H19 siRNA, while there was no significant difference between the control group and the NC group. (B) Compared with that of the NC group, the viability of TPC-1 cells was significantly decreased following treatment with H19 siRNA, while there was no significant difference between the control group and the NC group. **P<0.01. Groups: NC, cells transfected with NC siRNA; siRNA, cells transfected with H19 siRNA. NC, negative control; siRNA, small silencing RNA.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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Knockdown of H19 promotes the apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells. Cell apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry following Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. (A) Apoptosis of FTC-133 cells was markedly increased following transfection with H19 siRNA compared with that in the NC group. The differences between the control group and the NC group were not statistically significant. (B) Quantitative analysis of the apoptosis of FTC-133 cells. (C) Apoptosis of TPC-1 cells was markedly increased following transfection of H19 siRNA compared with that in the NC group. The differences between the control group and the NC group were not statistically significant. (D) Quantitative analysis of the apoptosis of TPC-1 cells. **P<0.01. Groups: NC, cells transfected with NC siRNA; siRNA, cells transfected with H19 siRNA. NC, negative control; siRNA, small silencing RNA; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; PI, propidium iodide.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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H19 may function through the Bax, Bcl2, caspase 3 and the PI3K/AKT pathway in FTC-133 cells. Thyroid cancer cells were transfected with H19 siRNA, NC or control, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of (A) Bax, (B) Bcl-2 and (C) caspase 3 expression was performed. Results are expressed relative to the value of the NC group (set at 1 as the reference). (D) Representative western blot images for determining the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase 3, and the levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT protein. GAPDH was used as the loading control. (E) Quantitative analysis of relative changes in the proteins indicated above. **P<0.01. Groups: NC, cells transfected with NC siRNA; siRNA, cells transfected with H19 siRNA. NC, negative control; siRNA, small silencing RNA; p-PI3K, phosphorylated phosphoinositide-3 kinase; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2.

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

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H19 may function through Bax, Bcl2, caspase 3 and the PI3K/AKT pathway in TPC-1 cells. Thyroid cancer cells were transfected with H19 siRNA, NC or control, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of (A) Bax, (B) Bcl-2 and (C) caspase 3 expression was performed. Results are expressed relative to the value of the NC group (set at 1 as the reference). (D) Representative western blot images for determining the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase 3, and the levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT protein. GAPDH was used as the loading control. (E) Quantitative analysis of relative changes in the proteins indicated above. **P<0.01. Groups: NC, cells transfected with NC siRNA; siRNA, cells transfected with H19 siRNA. NC, negative control; siRNA, small silencing RNA; p-PI3K, phosphorylated phosphoinositide-3 kinase; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2.

H19 may exert its functions in TC via the PI3K/AKT pathway

The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has been reported to be associated with cell viability and apoptosis (20,21). Therefore, whether PI3K/AKT signaling is involved in H19-mediated cellular responses was examined. As presented in Figs. 5D and E and 6D and E, H19 silencing induced a significant repression of p-PI3K and p-AKT, indicating that H19 exerts its cellular functions at least in partly through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Discussion

Increasing efforts have contributed to elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the progression of cancer, among which lncRNAs have attracted increasing attention (22). However, effective therapy for cancer remains limited (23), therefore, novel molecular signatures or potential molecular targets are urgently required. lncRNA H19 has been reported to have an oncogenic role in various types of cancer, including gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma (24,25). However, current knowledge of H19 in TC is limited. In the present study, the expression of H19 was increased in TC tissues, indicating that H19 may be an oncogene in TC, which was consistent with previous studies (24,25). The main types of TC are papillary thyroid cancer (PTC, ~85%) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC, ~10%) (26). FTC is more aggressive and harder to diagnose than PTC and the 10-year survival rate is lower (27). Although the potential role of H19 has been reported in TC (28), the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear.

Previous studies have demonstrated that H19 suppresses the migration, invasion and cell viability of TC cells (29,30). In the present study, it was found that downregulated H19 inhibited the cell viability and promoted apoptosis of FTC-133 and TPC-1 TC cells, which further verified H19 as an oncogene in TC. Liu et al reported that H19 regulated the proliferation, migration and invasion of TC cells via regulating the expression of miR-17-5p and YES1 (16). In addition, the overexpression of H19 has been shown to predict poor prognosis in patients with TC via regulating let-7 (31). The present study investigated whether H19 can regulate the viability and apoptosis of TC cells via other pathways.

The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has an important role in tumorigenesis (32). Additionally, H19 has been shown to exert an oncogenic function by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway in various types of cancer (33,34). Bcl-2 and Bax are crucial in tumor cell apoptosis (35). Feng et al demonstrated that caspase 3 was associated the apoptosis of TC cells (36). In the present study, RT-qPCR and western blot analyses were performed to examine the mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2/Bax, p-PI3K/AKT and caspase 3. The knockdown of H19 significantly suppressed Bcl-2, p-PI3K and p-AKT, and upregulated Bax and caspase 3, indicating that the suppression of H19 may have inhibited cell viability and promoted the apoptosis of TC cells via regulating Bcl-2/Bax, p-PI3K/AKT and caspase 3.

However, the present study had limitations. First, the study was limited to by number of the patients enrolled. Second, all the experiments performed in the study was in vitro, thus in vivo experiments are required in further investigations.

In conclusion, H19 was upregulated in TC tissues. The effects of decreased H19 were broadly similar in suppressing the proliferation and promoting the apoptosis of the FTC-133 FTC cell line and TPC-1 PTC cell line, suggesting that H19 may be applicable as a target across different types of TC.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

XL prepared the manuscript and performed experiments with the assistance of QL. XJ collected the data and provided interpretation with the assistance of HG. YL conceived and designed the current study.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and all patients provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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