Table 3.
Assessment of potential confounders of the association between urobilin and sphingomyelin (30:1) and incident heart failure, respectively, in the PIVUS cohort (n = 829, number of events = 58)
| Metabolite | Model | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urobilin | Age and sex | 1.36 (1.07–1.72) | 0.01 |
| Established risk factorsa | 1.24 (0.97–1.60) | 0.08 | |
| Established risk factors + NT‐proBNP | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | 0.06 | |
| Established risk factors + heart rate | 1.24 (0.96–1.59) | 0.09 | |
| Established risk factors + haemoglobin | 1.24 (0.97–1.59) | 0.08 | |
| Established risk factors + calendar year | 1.25 (0.98–1.61) | 0.08 | |
| Established risk factors + cardiovascular medications | 1.24 (0.97–1.60) | 0.09 | |
| Sphingomyelin (30:1) | Age and sex | 0.72 (0.58–0.88) | 1.4 × 10−3 |
| Established risk factorsa | 0.70 (0.56–0.88) | 2.0 × 10−3 | |
| Established risk factors + NT‐proBNP | 0.61 (0.50–0.74) | 6.8 × 10−7 | |
| Established risk factors + heart rate | 0.70 (0.56–0.88) | 2.1 × 10−3 | |
| Established risk factors + haemoglobin | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 1.7 × 10−3 | |
| Established risk factors + calendar year | 0.70 (0.56–0.89) | 3.1 × 10−3 | |
| Established risk factors + cardiovascular medications | 0.69 (0.54–0.87) | 2.2 × 10−3 |
CI, confidence interval; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide.
Data are hazard ratio with 95% CI adjusted for age and gender expressed per standard deviation increase of metabolite levels.
Established heart failure risk factors: age, sex, previous or current smoker, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood pressure medication, diabetes, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, diastolic blood pressure, lipid‐lowering medication, blood pressure, myocardial infarction before/during study, glomerular filtration rate, and insulin/oral antidiabetics treatment. Cardiovascular medications: angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, beta‐blockers, calcium inhibitors, and diuretics.