Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of 399 patients according to the four descriptive models (DM) of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
|
Descriptive model 0 No HF acc. to FC |
Descriptive model 1 HF acc. to FC |
P (DM 1 vs. DM 0) |
Descriptive model 2 FC + NP |
Descriptive model 3 FC + NP + ESC echo |
Descriptive model 4 FC + NP + PARAGON echo |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (399) | 292 (73%) | 107 (27%) | 82 (22%) | 61 (21%) | 69 (22%) | |
| Demographics and medical history | ||||||
| Age (years) | 77 (71–82) | 79 (72–84) | 0.039 | 81 (73–85) | 82 (74–85) | 81 (73–84) |
| Gender (female) | 166 (57%) | 57 (53%) | 0.520 | 41 (50%) | 32 (52%) | 35 (51%) |
| Smoking | 103 (35%) | 33 (31%) | 0.955 | 27 (33%) | 21 (34%) | 23 (33%) |
| Hypertension | 230 (79%) | 83 (78%) | 0.797 | 62 (77%) | 48 (80%) | 43 (78%) |
| AF | 178 (61%) | 72 (67%) | 0.444 | 63 (77%) | 49 (80%) | 54 (78%) |
| COPD | 37 (13%) | 16 (15%) | 0.552 | 12 (14%) | 6 (10%) | 9 (13%) |
| T2DM | 74 (25%) | 34 (32%) | 0.200 | 25 (30%) | 20 (33%) | 21 (30%) |
| CAD | 92 (32%) | 34 (32%) | 0.819 | 26 (32%) | 22 (36%) | 23 (33%) |
| Stroke | 28 (10%) | 13 (12%) | 0.456 | 11 (13%) | 7 (11%) | 9 (13%) |
| Renal disease | 85 (29%) | 33 (31%) | 0.487 | 27 (33%) | 19 (31%) | 21 (30%) |
| Cancer | 45 (15%) | 18 (17%) | 0.691 | 11 (14%) | 8 (14%) | 10 (15%) |
| Physical findings | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 140 (120–151) | 139.5 (120–150) | 0.293 | 140 (120–150) | 140 (120–150) | 140 (120–150) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75 (65–80) | 70 (60–80) | 0.437 | 70 (61–80) | 70 (60–80) | 70 (65–80) |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 68 (60–78) | 66 (57–72) | 0.176 | 65 (57–72) | 65 (57–71) | 65 (57–71) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 (23.9–31.6) | 29.3 (25.2–33.5) | 0.026 | 29.2 (25.2–33.5) | 29.1 (25.3–33.5) | 29.3 (25.5–33.5) |
| Functional class, QoL | ||||||
| NYHA class I | 46 (16%) | 3 (2.8%9 | <0.001 | 2 (2.4%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (1.4%) |
| NYHA class II | 198 (69%) | 45 (42%) | 34 (41%) | 26 (43%) | 29 (42%) | |
| NYHA class III | 40 (14%) | 49 (46%) | 39 (48%) | 28 (46%) | 32 (46%) | |
| NYHA class IV | 1 (<0.1%) | 9 (8.5%) | 7 (8.5%) | 6 (10%) | 7 (10%) | |
| MLHFQ (0–105) | 26 (12–43) | 32 (22.5–50.5) | <0.001 | 31 (19–47) | 26 (14–44) | 27 (14–45) |
| Treatment | ||||||
| ACEi | 99 (34%) | 38 (36%) | 0.764 | 32 (39%) | 25 (41%) | 27 (39%) |
| ARB | 79 (27%) | 27 (25%) | 0.715 | 22 (27%) | 13 (21%) | 18 (26%) |
| Spironolactone | 34 (12%) | 11 (10%) | 0.703 | 7 (8.5%) | 4 (6.5%) | 5 (7.2%) |
| Loop diuretics | 123 (42%) | 72 (67%) | <0.001 | 60 (73%) | 45 (74%) | 53 (77%) |
| Thiazide diuretics | 47 (16%) | 16 (15%) | 0.782 | 11 (13%) | 7 (11%) | 8 (12%) |
| Ca channel blockers | 105 (36%) | 35 (33%) | 0.518 | 28 (34%) | 20 (33%) | 21 (30%) |
| Digoxin | 22 (7.5%) | 6 (5.6%) | 0.168 | 4 (4.9%) | 3 (4.9%) | 4 (5.8%) |
| Beta‐blocker | 195 (67%) | 67 (63%) | 0.256 | 53 (65%) | 42 (69%) | 46 (67%) |
| Anticoagulants | 118 (40%) | 48 (45%) | <0.001 | 37 (45%) | 30 (49%) | 35 (51%) |
| Antiplatelet therapy | 115 (39%) | 47 (44%) | 0.339 | 38 (46%) | 31 (51%) | 32 (46%) |
| Statins | 122 (42%) | 43 (40%) | 0.012 | 35 (43%) | 26 (43%) | 29 (42%) |
| Pacemaker | 38 (13%) | 17 (16%) | 0.461 | 12 (15%) | 8 (13%) | 9 (13%) |
| Echo parameters | ||||||
| LVEF (%) | 63 (57–68) | 62 (56–66) | 0.109 | 62 (56–65) | 62 (56–65) | 62 (55–65) |
| LVEDd (mm) | 47 (43–52) | 48 (43–52) | 0.538 | 48 (43–53) | 48 (43–53) | 48 (43–53) |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 45 (38–56) | 50 (39–63) | 0.024 | 51 (37–62) | 50 (37–62) | 51 (37–62) |
| LVMI male (g/m2) | 128 (108–158) | 130 (104–160) | 0.524 | 131 (107–160) | 131 (115–160) | 131 (107–160) |
| LVMI female (g/m2) | 115 (94–128) | 121 (99–140) | 0.899 | 124 (99–140) | 124 (99–140) | 124 (99–140) |
| E/é | 11 (8–15) | 12 (10–18) | 0.004 | 12 (10–18) | 14 (10–19) | 12 (10–18) |
| Biochemistry | ||||||
| NT‐proBNP (ng/L) | 1196 (495–2359) | 1634 (695–3108) | 0.011 | 2353 (1301–3525) | 2369 (1429–3752) | 2727 (1429–3752) |
| BNP (ng/L) | 264 (113–523) | 366 (259–581) | 0.132 | |||
| p‐Glu (mmol/L) | 5.6 (5.1–7.2) | 6.1 (5.3–8.1) | 0.047 | 6.1 (5.4–8.2) | 6.1 (5.4–9.3) | 6.1 (5.4–8.5) |
| GFR (MDRD) | 59 (41–74) | 51 (38–67) | 0.071 | 48 (38–66) | 47 (37–65) | 47 (38–65) |
| GFR <30 | 34 (12.1%) | 12 (11.4%) | 0.856 | 9 (11.0%) | 7 (11.5%) | 8 (11.6%) |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 140 (138–142) | 140 (138–141) | 0.699 | 140 (138–142) | 140 (138–141) | 139 (138–141) |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.1 (3.8–4.5) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 0.563 | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) |
| Hb (g/L) | 128 (112–135) | 120 (100–131) | 0.012 | 120 (100–130) | 117 (100–130) | 117 (100–130) |
| Anaemia | 106 (39%) | 58 (55%) | 0.003 | 47 (57%) | 38 (62%) | 43 62% |
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; AF, atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter; anaemia, Hb <120 in women and <130 in men; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic pulmonary obstruction; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; Hb, haemoglobin; LVEDd, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study; MLHFQ, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; p‐glu, plasma glucose; QoL, quality of life; renal disease, self‐reported, chart reported, or creatinine ≥100 mmol/L; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Data presented as median (interquartile range) or n (%).