TABLE 1.

Early life stress (ES) manipulation models.

ES model	Manipulation	Control condition	Time frame	Exemplar references
Maternal separation (MS)	Daily 3-h removal of the pups from the dam	Undisturbed litters	PDN1–PDN14	Plotsky and Meaney, 1993
Limited bedding and nesting (LBN)	Dams are provided with limited amount of bedding and nesting material, inducing changes in quality of maternal care	Litters receiving standard bedding and nesting	PDN2–PDN9	Gilles et al., 1996
Paternal deprivation (PD)	Removal from father from the litter indefinitely	Litters raised under bi-parental care	>PDN0	Ahern, 2009
Postnatal isolation (PI)	Daily 3-h removal of the pups from the dam and their littermates	Undisturbed litters	PDN0–PDN13	Wei et al., 2013

List of experimental models most commonly used to induce ES, followed by a description of the manipulation they involve, the manipulation used as control, the time frame at which the manipulation is applied, and an exemplar reference. PND, postnatal days.