TABLE 3.
AVP changes in the PVN and SON after ES.
| References | Model | Species | M/F | Age | AVP system changes | |
| Zhang et al., 2012 | MS | Rat | M | Infant | ↑ AVP-mRNA in PVN and SON | |
| Rice et al., 2008 | LBN | Mouse | M | Infant | No change in AVP-mRNA in PVN | |
| Zhang et al., 2012 | MS | Rat | M | Juvenile | ↑ AVP-mRNA in PVN and SON | |
| Veenema, 2009 | MS | Rat | M | Juvenile | ↑ AVP-mRNA in PVN | |
| Murgatroyd et al., 2009 | MS | Mouse | M | Juvenile | ↑ AVP-mRNA in PVN | mRNA expression |
| Murgatroyd et al., 2009 | MS | Mouse | M | Adult | ↑ AVP-mRNA in PVN | |
| Alcántara-Alonso et al., 2017 | MS | Rat | M | Adult | ↑ AVP-mRNA in PVN | |
| Veenema et al., 2006 | MS | Rat | M | Adult | ↑ AVP-mRNA in PVN and SON | |
| Rice et al., 2008 | LBN | Mouse | M | Adult | No change in AVP-mRNA in PVN | |
| Wang et al., 2014 | PD | Mandarin vole | M/F | Infant | ↑ AVP-ir in PVN and SON | |
| Tsuda et al., 2011 | MS | Mouse | M | Juvenile | ↓ AVP-ir in PVN | |
| Veenema et al., 2007 | MS | Mouse | M | Adult | ↑ AVP-ir in PVN | |
| Veenema et al., 2007 | MS | Mouse | F | Adult | No change in AVP-ir in PVN | |
| Wei et al., 2013 | PI | Mandarin vole | M | Adult | ↓ AVP-ir in PVN | |
| Desbonnet et al., 2008 | MS | Rat | M | Adult | ↓ AVP-ir in PVN | |
| Desbonnet et al., 2008 | MS | Rat | F | Adult | No change in AVP-ir in PVN | Immunoreactivity |
| Veenema et al., 2006 | MS | Rat | M | Adult | ↑ AVP-ir in PVN and SON | |
| Zhang et al., 2012 | MS | Mouse | M | Adult | ↑ AVP-ir in PVN and SON | |
| Zhang et al., 2012 | MS | Rat | M | Infant | ↑ Fos-expression in AVP+ neurons in PVN, SON | |
| Hernández et al., 2016 | MS | Rat | M | Adult | ↑ AVP innervation density from PVN to amygdala | |
| Zhang et al., 2012 | MS | Rat | M | Adult | ↑ Volume of AVP-SON and AVP-PVN nuclei | |
For each reference (first column), the table indicates the ES model used, the species, gender (M, male; F, female) and the animal age-group, followed by the observed changes in the AVP system. Arrows indicated the direction of the effects (increase: up arrow; decrease: down arrow). If a reference is repeated, it is to mention different groups of animals in the same publication. M, male; F, female; MS, maternal separation; PVN, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus; SON, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus; LBN, limited bedding and nesting; PD, paternal deprivation; AVP-ir, arginine vasopressin immunoreactivity; PI, post-natal isolation; AVP+, arginine vasopressin positive.