Table 2.
The Items Analyzed and the Waves That Were Available.
| Variables | Label | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 | Wave 7 | Total | Coding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symbolic components | ||||||||||
| Support for National Party | pNat | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | |
| Support for Labor Party | pLab | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Support for Green Party | pGre | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Support for ACT Party | pACT | X | X | X | X | X | X | 6 | ||
| Support for Māori party | pMao | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Support for United Future Party | pUni | X | X | 2 | ||||||
| Support for New Zealand First Party | pNZ1 | X | X | X | X | 4 | ||||
| Support for Mana Party | pMan | X | X | 2 | R | |||||
| Support for Conservative Party | pCon | X | X | 2 | ||||||
| Liberal/Conservative identification | IdID | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | |
| Right-wing/Left-wing identification | RwID | X | X | X | X | X | 5 | |||
| Operational components | ||||||||||
| Maori ownership of the seabed and foreshore | MSea | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Reserving places for Maori students to study medicine | MMed | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Rates exemptions on Maori land | MLnd | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Crown (government) ownership of the seabed and foreshore | CSea | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | |
| Performance of the Haka at international sports events | Haka | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Waitangi Day as a national celebration of biculturalism | WaiD | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Teaching Maori language in New Zealand primary schools | Mlan | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Singing the national anthem in Maori and English | NatA | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Incentives to increase women’s participation in the paid workforce (paid for by government) | Winc | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Introducing a program to enhance sustainable business growth among businesses owned and operated by women | Wbus | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | R |
| Affirmative action policies for women promoting entry into female underrepresented occupations, such as construction and the trades | WAA | X | 1 | R | ||||||
| The Civil Union Act | CiU | X | X | X | X | X | X | 6 | R | |
| Same-sex marriage in New Zealand (The Marriage Amendment Act 2013) | SSM | X | X | X | 3 | R | ||||
| The current antismacking bill. (i.e., it being illegal to smack children) | Asmk | X | X | X | X | X | 5 | R | ||
| Including religious instruction in Christianity as part of the school curriculum. | ReEd | X | X | X | X | X | X | 6 | ||
| Legalized abortion for women, regardless of the reason | Aany | X | X | X | X | X | 5 | R | ||
| Legalized abortion when the woman’s life is endangered | Asp | X | X | X | X | X | 5 | R | ||
| A “flat” tax rate (everyone pays the same percentage of tax on their income) | Tax | X | X | X | X | 4 | ||||
| Policies promoting closer trade ties between India and New Zealand | IndT | X | X | X | X | X | X | 6 | R | |
| Policies promoting closer trade ties between China and New Zealand | ChiT | X | X | X | X | X | X | 6 | R | |
| Policies promoting more immigration from India to New Zealand | IndI | X | X | X | X | X | X | 6 | R | |
| Policies promoting more immigration from China to New Zealand | ChiI | X | X | X | X | X | X | 6 | R | |
| Government initiatives to inform and promote healthy lifestyle choices | GovH | X | X | X | 3 | R | ||||
| Do you think foreign investors should be able to buy New Zealand farms? | IFF | X | 1 | 1 = yes, 0 = no | ||||||
| Restricting foreign ownership of New Zealand farms | ForF | X | X | 2 | R | |||||
| Restricting foreign ownership of New Zealand residential property | ForR | X | X | 2 | R | |||||
| Increase payments for those receiving jobseeker support (formerly the Unemployment Benefit). | PayJ | X | 1 | |||||||
| Increase payments for those receiving sole parent support (formerly the Domestic Purposes Benefit). | PayP | X | 1 | |||||||
| Redistributing money and wealth more evenly among a larger percentage of the people in New Zealand through heavy taxes on the rich | IncR | X | X | 2 | R | |||||
| Suppose a person has a painful incurable disease, do you think that doctors should be allowed by law to end the patient’s life if the patient requests it? | Euth | X | 1 | R | ||||||
| Ensuring that all food and food ingredients sold in New Zealand are free from genetically modified organisms | GMO | X | X | 2 | R | |||||
| The current “3 Strikes” law for violent/sexual offenses, where the maximum possible sentence must be imposed without parole upon the third conviction | 3stk | X | 1 | |||||||
| A publicly available online database of all convicted sex offenders in New Zealand | SexO | X | 1 | |||||||
| The New Zealand government should be involved in regulating carbon emissions | CarR | X | X | X | X | X | X | 6 | R | |
| Increased government spending on new motorways | MtrS | X | X | X | 3 | R | ||||
| Government subsidy of public transport | PubT | X | X | X | 3 | R | ||||
| Protecting New Zealand’s native species should be a national priority | NatS | X | X | 2 | R | |||||
| Do you support the use of 1080 poison for possum control in New Zealand? | PosC | X | X | 2 | R | |||||
| Nodes per wave | 23 | 28 | 26 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 31 | |||
Note. With one exception (noted in table), all items are on a 1 to 7 scale. R = reverse score.