Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients
| All (n = 370) | Pre‐existing HF (n = 219) | De novo HF (n = 151) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 66.2 ± 16.2 | 67.5 ± 16.2 | 65.2 ± 16.1 | 0.18 |
| Male sex | 260 (71) | 159 (73) | 101 (67) | 0.28 |
| Current smoker | 82 (22) | 48 (22) | 34 (23) | 0.89 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Prior myocardial infarction | 80 (22) | 54 (25) | 26 (17) | 0.09 |
| Prior CABG or PCI | 66 (18) | 49 (22) | 17 (11) | 0.006* |
| Atrial fibrillation | 176 (48) | 110 (50) | 66 (44) | 0.22 |
| Prior Stroke or TIA | 42 (11) | 27 (12) | 15 (10) | 0.48 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 20 (5) | 12 (6) | 8 (5) | 0.94 |
| Hypertension | 209 (57) | 134 (61) | 75 (50) | 0.03* |
| Diabetes mellitus | 121 (33) | 77 (35) | 44 (29) | 0.23 |
| Non‐cardiovascular disease | ||||
| COPD | 61 (17) | 42 (19) | 19 (13) | 0.09 |
| Malignancy | 34 (9) | 24 (11) | 10 (7) | 0.16 |
| Liver disease | 33 (9) | 28 (13) | 5 (3) | 0.002* |
| Chronic kidney disease | 103 (28) | 82 (37) | 21 (14) | <0.0001* |
| Charlson co‐morbidity index | 0.06 | |||
| ≤2 | 230 (62) | 126 (58) | 104 (69) | |
| 3–4 | 117 (32) | 76 (35) | 41 (27) | |
| ≥5 | 23 (6) | 17 (8) | 6 (4) | |
| Medications and treatments | ||||
| Digoxin | 37 (10) | 27 (12) | 10 (7) | 0.07 |
| Hydralazine | 56 (15) | 41 (19) | 15 (27) | 0.03* |
| Nitrates | 100 (27) | 74 (34) | 26 (17) | <0.001* |
| Loop diuretic | 285 (77) | 172 (79) | 113 (75) | 0.41 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) | 153 (41) | 89 (41) | 64 (42) | 0.74 |
| Warfarin | 95 (26) | 66 (30) | 29 (19) | 0.02* |
| Direct oral anticoagulant | 68 (18) | 38 (17) | 30 (20) | 0.42 |
| Amiodarone | 30 (8) | 22 (10) | 8 (5) | 0.1 |
| Pacemaker | 43 (12) | 31 (14) | 12 (8) | 0.07 |
| ICD | 34 (9) | 31 (14) | 3 (2) | <0.0001* |
| LVEF | 26.6 ± 8.3 | 27.6 ± 8.2 | 26.0 ± 8.3 | 0.05* |
| Systolic blood pressure | 127.7 ± 27.7 | 122.9 ± 25.7 | 134.6 ± 26.7 | <0.0001* |
| Systolic BP <90 mmHg | 18 (5) | 14 (6) | 4 (3) | 0.14 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 79.0 ± 17.1 | 76.2 ± 16.0 | 83.1 ± 17.8 | 0.0001* |
| Heart rate (on admission) | 95.0 ± 25.6 | 92.6 ± 25.6 | 98.3 ± 25.4 | 0.04* |
| Heart rate (on ECG) | 83.1 ± 20.0 | 83.2 ± 21.1 | 83 ± 18.4 | 0.94 |
| Haemoglobin | 126.7 ± 20.3 | 124.1 ± 21.3 | 130.5 ± 18.1 | 0.002* |
| eGFR (on admission) | 60.4 ± 26.4 | 56.7 ± 26.1 | 65.7 ± 26.1 | 0.001* |
| eGFR (on discharge) | 62.3 ± 25.9 | 58.6 ± 26.1 | 67.7 ± 24.6 | 0.009* |
| BNP | 1137 [582–2081] | 1259.5 [645.5–2104.5] | 900 [557–1910] | 0.11 |
| NT‐proBNP | 6182 [2829–12 852] | 6220 [2786–13 158] | 5881 [2829–12 852] | 0.39 |
| Cardiologist care | 183 (50) | 107 (49) | 76 (50) | 0.78 |
| Length of stay | 7.0 [4.0–11.0] | 8.0 [4.0–13.0] | 7.0 [4.0–11.0] | 0.27 |
BP, blood pressure; CABG, Coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; ICD, Implanted Cardioverter‐Defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT‐proBNP, N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA, Transient Ischemic Attack.
Values are means ± standard deviation, n (%), or median [interquartile range].
*
P‐value <0.05.