Table 3.
Factors associated with minimum meal frequency in India, 2015–16 National Family and Health Survey
| Characteristics | North | South | East | West | Central | North Eastern |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | |
| Type of Caste or tribe | ||||||
| Scheduled Caste | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Scheduled tribe | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.21) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.28) | 1.36 (1.19, 1.55) * | 1.57 (1.20, 2.05) * | |
| Other backward class | 1.10 (0.96, 1.27) | 0.87 (0.73, 1.04) | 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) * | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | 1.15 (0.85, 1.55) | |
| Others | 1.19 (1.02, 1.38) * | 0.77 (0.61, 0.98)* | 0.79 (0.66, 0.94) * | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.39) | |
| Household Wealth Index | ||||||
| Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Poorer | 1.24 (0.86, 1.80) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | ||||
| Middle | 1.22 (0.85, 1.75) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.17) | ||||
| Richer | 1.13 (0.78, 1.65) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.20) | ||||
| Richest | 1.64 (1.10, 2.45) * | 1.41 (1.01, 1.96) * | ||||
| Mother’s religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 1.00 | |||||
| Muslim | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) | |||||
| Christianity and others | 1.35 (1.04, 1.75) * | |||||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Currently married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
Formerly married (divorced / separated / widow) |
1.73 (1.10, 2.72) * | 1.61 (1.10, 1.27) * | ||||
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary | 1.16 (0.97, 1.37) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.37) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.20) | |||
| Secondary and above | 1.24 (1.08, 1.42) * | 1.31 (1.02, 1.67) * | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) * | |||
| Power over earning | ||||||
| Husband | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| woman | 1.10 (0.93, 1.29) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.17) | 1.20 (0.88, 1.63) | 1.15 (1.03, 1.29) * | 1.09 (0.89, 1.33) |
| Power over Household purchases | ||||||
| Husband | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| woman | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | 1.27 (0.97, 1.66) | 1.13 (1.01, 1.25) * | 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) |
| Birth order | ||||||
| First-born | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2nd-4th | 1.27 (1.14, 1.42) * | 1.23 (1.11, 1.36) * | 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) * | 1.26 (1.09, 1.46) * | ||
| 5 or more | 1.45 (1.14, 1.86) * | 1.14 (0.96, 1.37) | 1.32 (1.16, 1.51) * | 1.44 (1.13, 1.84) * | ||
| Type of delivery assistance | ||||||
| Health professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Traditional birth attendant | 0.36 (0.16, 0.80) * | 1.44 (1.24, 1.67) * | 0.99 (0.89, 1.12) | |||
| Other untrained personnel | 0.80 (0.62, 1.04) | 1.45 (1.27, 1.65) * | 1.24 (1.14, 1.35) * | |||
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 1–3 | 1.27 (1.02, 1.59) * | 1.09 (0.76, 1.59) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.23) | 1.22 (1.10, 1.35) * | ||
| 4+ | 1.65 (1.31, 2.06) * | 1.74 (1.27, 2.38) * | 1.49 (1.30, 1.72) * | 1.66 (1.48, 1.86) * | ||
| Place of delivery | ||||||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Health facility | 0.77 (0.64, 0.93) * | 1.27 (1.11, 1.44) * | ||||
Statistically significant (95% confidence intervals and P < 0.05*) study variables from multivariable models are shown. In the model of child factors, adjustments were made for maternal, household, health service and community factors. A similar approach was used for maternal, household, health service and community factors that adjusted for respective factors in multivariable models