Table 3.
Chronotropic incompetence and markers of heart failure. The independent variable was chronotropic incompetence (defined as chronotropic index [CI] <0.6). The dependent variables were N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT pro-BNP) >300 pg ml−1, ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) at the anaerobic threshold ≥34, peak oxygen consumption (VO2) ≤14 ml kg−1 min−1, and HR recovery (HRR) ≤6 beats min−1 decrease within the first minute after the end of exercise. Results of univariable (unadjusted) and multivariable (adjusted) logistic regression analyses are presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and associated P-values. Variables were selected for inclusion in the multivariable model using stepwise selection.
| Co-variates | NT pro-BNP >300 pmol L−1 |
VE/VCO2 ≥34 |
VO2 peak ≤14 ml kg−1 min−1 |
HRR ≤6 beats min−1 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | P-value | Odds ratio | P-value | Odds ratio | P-value | Odds ratio | P-value | |
| Univariable analysis | ||||||||
| CI <0.6 | 2.11 (1.56–2.86) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.23–2.00) | <0.001 | 6.44 (4.82–8.59) | <0.001 | 2.81 (2.11–3.74) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable analysis | ||||||||
| Age ≥70 yr | 2.82 (2.01–3.95) | <0.001 | 2.58 (2.02–3.29) | <0.001 | 1.33 (0.95–1.84) | 0.093 | 1.53 (1.13–2.05) | 0.005 |
| Male sex | — | — | 0.55 (0.44–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.12–0.23) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.47–0.84) | 0.002 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 11.43 (5.71–22.88) | <0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| History of heart failure | 7.42 (2.01–27.40) | 0.003 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| History of coronary artery disease | 2.56 (1.67–3.93) | <0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| History of peripheral vascular disease | — | — | — | — | 2.62 (1.20–5.73) | 0.015 | — | — |
| History of hypertension | 1.46 (1.02–2.10) | 0.039 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| History of stroke or transient ischaemic attack | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | — | — | 1.36 (0.96–1.93) | 0.082 | — | — | — | — |
| History of diabetes mellitus | — | — | 1.31 (0.97–1.77) | 0.078 | — | — | 1.46 (1.02–2.07) | 0.037 |
| Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml min−1 (1.73 m2)−1 | 3.68 (2.29–5.91) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.10–2.53) | 0.016 | 1.90 (1.14–3.15) | 0.013 | 1.67 (1.05–2.66) | 0.029 |
| High-risk surgery | — | — | — | — | 1.44 (1.05–1.98) | 0.025 | — | — |
| CI <0.6 | 1.57 (1.11–2.23) | 0.011 | 1.40 (1.09–1.81) | 0.009 | 7.57 (5.50–10.43) | <0.001 | 2.63 (1.97–3.52) | <0.001 |