Table I.
Characteristics of patients and major subtypes of diabetes mellitus
| Parameters | Whole group (n=105)† | T1DM (n=42) | T2DM (n=42) | FCPD (n=16) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis (yr) | 27 (22-31) | 23 (20-27) | 31 (28-33)*** | 24 (19-28)††† |
| Plasma glucose at diagnosis (mmol/l) | 22.2±7.4 | 26.4±7.4 | 18.4±5.2*** | 21.7±6.9* |
| HbA1c at diagnosis | ||||
| NGSP (%) | 11.7±3.2 | 12.4±3.8 | 10.3±2.1 | 12.3±2.7 |
| IFCC (mmol/mol) | 104±11 | 112±18 | 89±9 | 111±9 |
| DKA | 25 (24) | 22 (52) | 0*** | 1 (6)*** |
| Symptomatic | 82 (78) | 40 (95) | 23 (55)*** | 15 (94)†† |
| Acanthosis nigricans | 18 (17) | 1 (2) | 15 (36)*** | 0†† |
| Associated autoimmunity | 19 (18) | 12 (29) | 3 (7)** | 2 (13) |
| Family history of T2DM | 45 (43) | 11 (26) | 25 (60)** | 6 (38) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 34 (32) | 4 (10) | 27 (64)*** | 1 (6)††† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9±5.6 | 19.0±4.0 | 25.9±4.9*** | 18.7±3.9††† |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80 (74-91) | 76 (71-80) | 92 (86-97)*** | 75 (72-82)††† |
| Overweight | 44 (41) | 9 (21) | 30 (71)*** | 3 (19)††† |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120 (110-130) | 110 (100-120) | 130 (116-140)*** | 113 (110-129) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76 (70-80) | 70 (68-80) | 80 (70-90)*** | 80 (70-80) |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.50 (1.05-1.98) | 1.10 (0.94-1.62) | 1.66 (1.37-2.18)*** | 1.51 (0.97-1.76) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.98±0.26 | 0.98±0.31 | 0.96±0.21 | 1.01±0.23 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.07 (3.37-4.84) | 3.81 (3.13-4.51) | 4.56 (3.88-5.39)** | 3.73 (3.37-4.79) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.36 (1.84-2.95) | 2.10 (1.63-2.95) | 2.54 (2.07-3.00)* | 2.28 (1.84-2.72) |
| Fasting C-peptide (pmol/l) | 619 (191-1130) (n=104) | 228 (115-546) (n=41) | 1137 (832-1647)*** | 209 (165-637)††† |
| Islet antibodies (against GAD, IA-2 and ZnT8) | 31 (30) | 26 (62) | 3 (7)*** | 1 (6)*** |
| Current treatment, n(MNT alone/OHAs/Insulin) | 1/41/63 | 0/0/42 | 1/40/1 | 0/0/16 |
P *<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001 compared to T1DM, ††<0.01 †††<0.001 compared to T2DM. Categorical data expressed as n (%); continuous data expressed as mean+SD or median (interquartile range). Analyses were based on the final diabetes subtype at the end of follow up. †The cohort also included 2 patients with maturity-onset diabetes in the young, 1 with mitochondrial diabetes and 2 of unclassified aetiology; ‡BMI ≥23 kg/m2. BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; FCPD, fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes; MNT, medical nutrition therapy; OHAs, oral hypoglycaemic agents; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein