Table I.
Emerging/re-emerging viral infections in India and new viruses
| Family | Viruses | Probable/mode of transmission | Outbreak potential | Biosafety-risk group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bunyaviridae | Ganjam virus | Tick-borne | Yes* | 2 |
| Bhanja virus | Tick-borne | Yes* | 2 | |
| SFTS virus | Tick-borne | Yes | 4 | |
| Chobar Gorge virus | Tick-borne | No | 2 | |
| EEV | Arthropod-borne | No | 2 | |
| Cat Que virus | Arthropod-borne | Yes* | 2 | |
| Kaisodi virus | Tick-borne | Yes* | 2 | |
| Umbre virus | Arthropod-borne | Yes* | 2 | |
| Oya virus=ingwavuma virus | Arthropod-borne | No | 2 | |
| Chittoor virus | Tick-borne | Yes* | 2 | |
| Thottapalayam virus | Rodent-borne | No | 2 | |
| Nairoviridae | CCHFs virus | Tick-borne, human to human | Yes | 4 |
| Flaviviridae | Yellow fever | Arthropod-borne | Yes | 4 |
| Zika virus | Arthropod-borne, mother to child, sexual route | Yes | 2 | |
| KFD | Tick-borne | Yes | 4 | |
| JE | Arthropod-borne | Yes | 2 | |
| Dengue | Arthropod-borne | Yes | 2 | |
| Bagaza virus | Arthropod-borne | Yes* | 2 | |
| Paramyxoviridae | Influenza - (H3N2) v alias | Air-borne | Yes | 3 |
| Influenza -Avian (H5N1) | Air-borne | Yes | 4 | |
| RSV | Air-borne | Yes | 2 | |
| Quaranfil virus | Tick-borne | Yes* | 2 | |
| Parainfluenza 1-4 | Air-borne | Yes* | 2 | |
| Enterovirus-D68 | Air-borne | Yes | 2 | |
| Paramyxoviridae | Nipah virus | Human to human | Yes | 4 |
| Direct contact/consumption of infected bat/fruit infected with bat | ||||
| Picornaviridae | Human rhinovirus A, B and C | Air-borne | Yes | 2 |
| Hand, foot and mouth disease | Direct contact, faeco-oral route | Yes | 2 | |
| Coxsackie-A21 virus | Faeco-oral route | Yes | 2 | |
| Coxsackie-A10 virus | Faeco-oral route | Yes | 2 | |
| Sapoviruses | Faeco-oral route | Yes | 2 | |
| Rota | Faeco-oral route | Yes | 2 | |
| Polio and non-polio flaccid paralysis | Faeco-oral route | Yes | 3 | |
| Caliciviridae | Noroviruses | Faeco-oral route | Yes | 2 |
| Hepadnaviridae | Hepatitis KIs virus new and vaccine escape mutants of HBV | Blood-borne | Yes | 2 |
| Togaviridae | Rubella virus | Ai-borne | Yes | 2 |
| Chikungunya virus | Arthropod-borne | Yes | 2 | |
| Poxviridae | Buffalopox virus (orthopoxvirus) | Direct contact | Yes | 2 |
| Parvoviridae | Human parvovirus-4 | Parenteral transmission? | Yes | 2 |
| Arenaviridae | LCMV | Rodent-borne | Yes* | 3 |
| Herpesviridae | CMV | Direct contact | Yes | 2 |
| Chickenpox (varicella) VZV | Air-borne, direct contact | Yes | 2 | |
| Rhabdoviridae | Chandipura virus | Arthropod-borne | Yes | 3 |
| Reoviridae | Kammavanpettai virus (orbiviruses) | Tick-borne | No | Unknown |
*May cause epidemic; however, no epidemic has been reported. Unknown: No clear information on the risk assessment available. SFTS, severe fever thrombocytopenia syndrome; EEV, equine encephalosis virus; CCHFs, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fevers; KFD, kyasanur forest disease; JE, Japanese encephalitis; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; VZV, varicella-zoster virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; HBV, hepatitis-B virus
Source: Refs 5,10,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55