Table 3.
Longitudinal Associations Between Individual and Residential Level Variables and Glycemic Control, New York City, 2007–2009
| Variable | OR | 95% CI | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual-level variables (models 1–2)a | |||
| Age | 1.83 | 1.80, 1.87 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male vs. female | 0.93 | 0.90, 0.96 | <0.001 |
| Residential-level variables (models 3–18)b | |||
| % White population | 1.47 | 1.45, 1.50 | <0.001 |
| % Black or African American population | 0.75 | 0.74, 0.76 | <0.001 |
| % Hispanic or Latino population | 0.79 | 0.78, 0.81 | <0.001 |
| % Whose income is below 100% of the federal poverty line | 0.74 | 0.73, 0.75 | <0.001 |
| Median household income | 1.46 | 1.43, 1.49 | <0.001 |
| % Linguistically isolated | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.03 | 0.21 |
| % College graduate | 1.51 | 1.47, 1.54 | <0.001 |
| % High school graduate | 0.92 | 0.90, 0.94 | <0.001 |
| % Less than high school graduate | 0.71 | 0.70, 0.72 | <0.001 |
| Median number of homicides | 0.77 | 0.75, 0.78 | <0.001 |
| Ratio of BMI-healthy to BMI-neutral and BMI-unhealthy food outlets | 1.09 | 1.07, 1.11 | <0.001 |
| Ratio of BMI-neutral to BMI-healthy and BMI-unhealthy food outlets | 1.50 | 1.45, 1.54 | <0.001 |
| Ratio of BMI-unhealthy to BMI-healthy and BMI-neutral food outlets | 0.75 | 0.74, 0.77 | <0.001 |
| Commercial and residential land-use mix index | 1.05 | 1.03, 1.08 | <0.001 |
| % Residential area that is covered by all parks | 0.98 | 0.96, 1.00 | 0.15 |
| % Open space and outdoor recreational area | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.01 | 0.23 |
| Residential environment factor scores (model 19)b | |||
| 1 | 1.30 | 1.28, 1.33 | <0.001 |
| 2 | 1.40 | 1.38, 1.42 | <0.001 |
| 3 | 1.08 | 1.06, 1.11 | <0.001 |
| Residential environment composite score (model 20)b | |||
| Continuous | 1.57 | 1.54, 1.61 | <0.001 |
| Residential environment composite score quintile (model 21)b,c | |||
| 1 | 1.00 | Referent | Referent |
| 2 | 1.18 | 1.13, 1.24 | <0.001 |
| 3 | 1.91 | 1.82, 2.01 | <0.001 |
| 4 | 2.28 | 2.16, 2.41 | <0.001 |
| 5 | 2.59 | 2.43, 2.77 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a Adjusted for zip-code level tract population, frequency of HbA1c testing, and average time interval between HbA1c testing.
b Adjusted for zip-code level tract population, frequency of HbA1c testing, average time interval between HbA1c testing, and individual-level covariates.
c The first quintile represents the least advantaged residential environment; the fifth quintile represents the most advantaged residential environment.