Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of included clinical studies.
| Study | Nutritional component | Enteral/parenteral | Inclusion criteria | Selected infants (n) | Primary study outcome | NDO or brain injury outcome measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blanco et al., 2012 | Protein | Parenteral | >24 weeks and <1,000 g | 32 | Reduction of potassium | NDO 0–24 months |
| Burattini et al., 2013 | Protein | Parenteral | <1,250 g | 96 | Body seize at 36 weeks PMA | NDO 24 months |
| Balakrishnan et al., 2017 | Protein | Parenteral | <32 weeks and <1,250 g | 114 | NDO 18–24 months | NDO 18–24 months |
| van den Akker et al., 2014 | Protein | Parenteral | <32 weeks and <1,500 g | 111 | Short term safety and efficacy | NDO 24 months |
| Bellagamba et al., 2016 | Protein | Both | <1,250 g | 164 | Weight gain from birth−1,800 g | NDO 24 months |
| Dogra et al., 2017 | Protein | Enteral | <32 weeks or <1,500 g | 92 | Head growth at 40 weeks PMA | NDO 12–18 months |
| de Kieviet et al., 2012 | Glutamine | Enteral | <32 weeks or <1,500 g | 65 | Feeding tolerance | Brain volumes and white matter integrity at 8 years |
| de Kieviet et al., 2014 | Glutamine | Enteral | <32 weeks or <1,500 g | 52 | Feeding tolerance | HC growth at 1 year and brain volumes at 8 years |
| Twilhaar et al., 2018a | Glutamine | Enteral | <32 weeks or <1,500 g | 61 | Feeding tolerance | NDO 13 years |
| Amin et al., 2009 | L-arginine | Both | ≤32 weeks or ≤1,250 g | 132 | Necrotizing enterocolitis | NDO 36 months |
| Ong et al., 2018 | Lipids | Parenteral | ≤29 weeks | 30 | Cholestasis | NDO 6–24 months |
| Almaas et al., 2015 | DHA, AA | Enteral | <1,500 g | 98 | NDO 6 months | NDO, brain volumes and brain maturation at 8 years |
| Almaas et al., 2016 | DHA, AA | Enteral | <1,500 g | 98 | NDO 6 months | Behavior and white matter integrity at 8 years |
| Alshweki et al., 2015 | AA/DHA ratio | Enteral | 25–32 weeks or <1,500 g | 45 | NDO 24 months | NDO 24 months |
| Tanaka et al., 2013 | Sphingomyelin | Enteral | <1,500 g | 24 | NDO 0–18 months | NDO 0–18 months |
| Chou et al., 2010 | Probiotics | Enteral | <1,500 g | 301 | Necrotizing enterocolitis | NDO 3 years |
| Jacobs et al., 2017 | Probiotics | Enteral | <32 weeks and <1,500 g | 735 | Late onset sepsis | NDO 2–5 years |
| Sari et al., 2012 | Probiotics | Enteral | <33 weeks or <1,500 g | 174 | Necrotizing enterocolitis | NDO 18–22 months |
| LeCouffe et al., 2014 | Prebiotics | Enteral | <32 weeks or <1,500 g | 93 | Neonatal infections | NDO 0–12 months |
| van den Berg et al., 2016 | Prebiotics | Enteral | <32 weeks or <1,500 g | 77 | Neonatal infections | NDO 24 months |
| Salas et al., 2018 | Vitamin D | Enteral | 23–27 weeks | 91 | Vitamin D concentration | NDO 22–26 months |
| Williams et al., 2017 | Iodide | Both | <31 weeks | 1,259 | NDO 24 months | NDO 24 months |
NDO, Neurodevelopmental outcome; PMA, Postmenstrual age; HC, Head circumference; DHA, Docosahexaenoic acid; AA, Arachidonic acid.