Table 1.

Adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Quality Domains

Recruitment

Equitable recruitment of exposed and unexposed (cohort studies)

Equitable recruitment of cases and controls (case-control studies)

Recruitment allows for selection of participants representative of general population

Minimal loss to follow-up (< 20% loss or < 5% non-participation rate)

More than 80% of participants recruited prior to 10 weeks’ gestation

Outcome Ascertainment

Appropriate comparator group (pregnancies surviving past 20 weeks’ gestation)

Exposure Ascertainment

Exposure assessed prior to pregnancy outcome to minimize risk of bias (cohort studies)

Exposure assessed through self-administered questionnaires to minimize reporting bias

Study queried change in consumption during pregnancy

Statistical Modeling

Alcohol modeled as a time-varying exposure

Adjusted for maternal age +/− other confounders

Use of time-to event analysis